4 Haɗarin ofaunar Alade

Wadatacce

• 1. Ciwon hanta E
• 2. Yawaitar Ciwon Mararsa
• 3. Ciwon Cutar Hanta da Ciwan Cirrhosis
• 4. Yersiniya
• A Kammalawa
• 4. Yersiniya
• A Kammalawa

Daga cikin abincin da ke ba da kwatankwacin bin al'adu, alade yakan jagoranci fakitin, kamar yadda 65% na Amurkawa masu sha'awar sanya sunan naman alade a ƙasar.

Abin takaici, wannan shahararriyar tana zuwa tsada. Tare da kasancewar naman da aka fi amfani da shi a duniya, naman alade na iya zama ɗayan mafiya haɗari, ɗauke da wasu mahimman abubuwan da ba a tattauna ba game da haɗarin da kowane mai siye ya kamata ya sani (1).

1. Ciwon hanta E

Godiya ga farfadowar cin hanci da jela, cutarwa ta fanshi kanta tsakanin masu sha'awar kiwon lafiya, musamman hanta, wacce aka yiwa kyautar bitamin A da kuma jerin ma'adinai masu yawa.

Amma idan ya zo ga naman alade, hanta na iya zama kasuwancin haɗari.

A cikin kasashen da suka ci gaba, hanta naman alade ita ce babbar hanyar yada cutar hanta E, kwayar cutar da ke addabar mutane miliyan 20 a kowace shekara kuma tana iya haifar da mummunar cuta (zazzabi, gajiya, jaundice, amai, ciwon gabobi da ciwon ciki), faɗaɗa hanta kuma wani lokacin gazawar hanta da mutuwa (,).

Mafi yawan cututtukan hepatitis E ba su da alamar sihiri, amma mata masu juna biyu na iya fuskantar halayen tashin hankali ga kwayar, ciki har da mai saurin kamuwa da cutar hanta (saurin hanta hanta) da kuma haɗarin mace-macen mata da masu juna biyu (). A zahiri, iyaye mata da suka kamu da cutar a yayin shekaru uku na uku suna fuskantar mutuwar kusan 25% ().

A wasu lokuta ma, cututtukan hepatitis E na iya haifar da cutar myocarditis (cututtukan zuciya mai kumburi), ciwo mai tsanani (ciwon kumburi mai raɗaɗi), matsalolin jijiyoyi (gami da cutar Guillain-Barré da amyotrophy na jijiyoyin jiki), rikicewar jini da matsalolin musculoskeletal, kamar ɗagawa creatine phosphokinase, wanda ke nuna lalacewar tsoka, da kuma ciwon haɗin gwiwa masu yawa (a cikin yanayin cutar sanyin jiki) (6,,).

Mutanen da ke da tsarin garkuwar jiki, gami da masu karbar kayan maye a kan rigakafin rigakafin rigakafi da mutanen da ke dauke da kwayar cutar HIV, za su iya fama da wadannan cututtukan na hepatitis E mai tsanani ().

Don haka, yaya firgita ne ƙididdigar gurɓatar alade? A Amurka, kusan 1 cikin kowane 10 na alade da aka sayi alade yana yin gwajin tabbatacce na ciwon hanta E, wanda ya ɗan zarce na 1 cikin 15 a cikin Netherlands da kuma 1 a cikin 20 a cikin Czech Republic (,). Studyaya daga cikin binciken a Jamus ya gano cewa kusan 1 cikin 5 alade alade sun gurɓata ().

Faransa ta gargajiya figatellu, tsiran alade alade wanda ake yawan amfani da shi danye, shine tabbataccen mai dauke da cutar hepatitis E (). A hakikanin gaskiya, a yankuna na Faransa inda ɗanyen alade ko alade keɓaɓɓiyar abinci ce, sama da rabin jama'ar yankin na nuna alamun cutar hepatitis E ().

Japan, ita ma tana fuskantar tashin hankalin hepatitis E kamar yadda naman alade ya sami farin jini (). Kuma a cikin Burtaniya? Hepatitis E yana nunawa a cikin naman alade, a cikin hanta naman alade da mayanka naman alade, yana mai nuna yiwuwar yaduwa tsakanin masu cin naman alade ().

Yana iya zama mai jan hankali a zargi laifin cutar hepatitis E kan ayyukan noman kasuwanci, amma game da alade, wilder baya nufin aminci. Har ila yau, farautar farauta, su ne masu saurin ciwon hanta E, masu iya ba da kwayar cutar ga mutane masu cin wasa (,).

Baya ga ƙauracewa naman alade gaba ɗaya, hanya mafi kyau don rage haɗarin hanta E ita ce a cikin ɗakin girki. Wannan kwayar cutar mai taurin kai na iya rayuwa cikin yanayin zafi na nama dafaffe, yana mai da zafi mai zafi mafi kyawun makami don kamuwa da cuta (). Don kashewar kwayar cuta, dafa aladun alade na aƙalla mintuna 20 zuwa zafin jiki na ciki na 71 ° C (160 ° F) da alama yin dabarar (20).

Koyaya, kitse na iya kare ƙwayoyin cutar hepatitis daga lalacewar zafi, saboda haka yankakken naman alade na iya buƙatar ƙarin lokaci ko yanayin zafi mai zafi ().

Kayan naman alade, musamman hanta, suna ɗauke da ciwon hanta E, wanda zai iya haifar da rikitarwa mai tsanani har ma da mutuwa a cikin jama'a masu rauni. Yin cikakken girki ya zama dole don kashe kwayar cutar.

2. Yawaitar Ciwon Mararsa

Aya daga cikin haɗarin haɗari da ke tattare da alade - wanda aka karɓi ɗan gajeren lokaci - shi ne cutar sikila (MS), mummunan yanayin ƙaddarar da ke tattare da tsarin juyayi na tsakiya.

An san kyakkyawar hanyar haɗi tsakanin alade da MS aƙalla tun cikin 1980s, lokacin da masu bincike suka bincika alaƙar da ke tsakanin cin naman alade da MS a cikin ƙasashe da yawa ().

Duk da yake al'ummomin da ke kyamar alade kamar Isra'ila da Indiya sun kusan tsira daga mummunan lalacewar MS, yawancin masu amfani da sassaucin ra'ayi, kamar Yammacin Jamus da Denmark, sun fuskanci ƙimar sama.

A zahiri, lokacin da aka yi la'akari da dukkan ƙasashe, cin naman alade da MS sun nuna haɗin kai na 0.87 (p <0.001), wanda ya fi girma da muhimmanci fiye da dangantakar dake tsakanin MS da cin mai (0.63, p <0.01), MS da yawan cin nama (0.61, p <0.01) da MS da cin naman shanu (babu muhimmiyar dangantaka).

Don hangen nesa, irin wannan binciken na ciwon sukari da yawan sukarin da ake amfani da shi ya sami alaƙa tsakanin ƙasa da 0.60 (p <0.001) yayin nazarin ƙasashe 165 (23).

Kamar yadda yake tare da duk binciken binciken annoba, daidaitawa tsakanin cin naman alade da MS ba zai iya tabbatar da hakan ba haddasawa ɗayan (ko ma wancan, a cikin ƙasashe masu fama da cutar MS, masu cin naman alade masu sha'awar cutar sun fi cuta). Amma kamar yadda ya bayyana, taskar shaidar ta zurfafa sosai.

Tun da farko, nazarin mazaunan Orkney da Shetland Islands na Scotland, yankin da ke cike da kayan marmari na yau da kullun, gami da kwai na teku, madara mai danƙo da naman da ba a dafa ba, an sami ƙungiya guda ɗaya kawai ta abinci tare da MS - amfani da “kan tukunya,” abincin da aka yi daga tafasasshen kwakwalwar alade ().

Daga cikin mazauna Shetland, mafi yawan adadin marasa lafiya na MS sun cinye kai a ƙuruciyarsu, idan aka kwatanta da lafiya, tsufa da kuma jima'in daidaitawa (25).

Wannan yana da dacewa musamman saboda - ta kowane bincike - MS da ke bugun girma zai iya fitowa ne daga bayyanar muhalli yayin samartaka (26).

Potentialarfin ƙwaƙwalwar alade don faɗakar da cututtukan da ke da nasaba da jijiyar jiki ba kawai farauta ba ce, ko dai. Tsakanin 2007 da 2009, wani gungu na ma'aikatan naman alade 24 ya yi rashin lafiya cikin al'ajabi ci gaba mai kumburi neuropathy, wanda ke dauke da alamun bayyanar cututtuka na MS kamar su gajiya, ƙwanƙwasawa, ƙwanƙwasawa da zafi (,).

Asalin barkewar cutar? Abin da ake kira “aladun kwakwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar alade” - ƙananan ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin halittar kwakwalwa sun hura iska a yayin sarrafa gawar ().

Lokacin da ma'aikata suka shaka wadannan kwayoyin halittar, tsarin garkuwar jikinsu, bisa ka'idar yarjejeniya, ya samar da kwayoyin kariya daga antigens na kasar waje.

Amma waɗancan antigens sun kasance suna kama da wasu sihirin sunadarai a cikin mutane. Kuma sakamakon ya kasance masifa ce ta ilmin halitta: rudewa game da wanda za a yi yaƙi, tsarin rigakafin ma'aikata ya ƙaddamar da harin bindiga-mai ƙuna a kan jijiyar jikinsu (,).

Kodayake sakamakon rashin daidaituwa bai kasance daidai da cutar kwayar cutar ba, wannan tsari na kwayar halitta, inda antigens na waje da antigens masu kamanceceniya da juna don haifar da martani na autoimmune, an shigar da su cikin cutar ta MS (,).

Tabbas, ba kamar hazo ƙwaƙwalwar alade ba, karnuka masu zafi da naman alade ba a zahiri shakar iska (samari duk da hakan). Shin naman alade zai iya watsa abubuwa masu matsala ta hanyar sha? Amsar ita ce hasashe na eh. Na ɗaya, wasu ƙwayoyin cuta, musamman Acinetobacter, suna da hannu cikin kwaikwayon kwayar halitta tare da myelin, abu mai rufe jijiya wanda ya lalace a cikin MS (34,).

Kodayake rawar aladu kamar Acinetobacter ba a yi cikakken nazari a kan masu dauke da kwayar cutar ba, an gano kwayoyin cutar a cikin aladun alade, a gonakin aladu da naman alade, alade salami da naman alade, inda yake aiki a matsayin kwayoyin lalacewa (,, 38, 39). Idan naman alade yayi kamar abin hawa don Acinetobacter watsawa (ko ta wata hanya na ƙara haɗarin kamuwa da ɗan adam), hanyar haɗi tare da MS zai zama mai ma'ana.

Biyu, aladu na iya yin shiru kuma waɗanda ba a nazarin su ba prions, sunadarai sunadaran da ke haifar da cututtukan neurodegenerative kamar cutar Creutzfeldt-Jakob (nau'in mahaukaciyar mutum) da Kuru (wanda aka samo a tsakanin al'umman da ke cin naman mutane) ().

Wasu masu bincike suna ba da shawarar MS kanta na iya zama cutar prion, wanda ke sa ido ga oligodendrocytes, kwayoyin da ke samar da myelin (). Kuma tun da ana gabatar da prions - da cututtukan da ke tattare da su ta hanyar cinye naman jijiyoyin da ke dauke da cutar, mai yiyuwa ne kayayyakin alade na prion-da za su iya kasancewa haɗi ɗaya a cikin sarkar MS ().

Matsayi mai mahimmanci na naman alade a cikin MS yana da nisa daga rufaffiyar harka, amma ƙa'idodin ƙa'idodin annoba, ƙwarewar ilimin ɗabi'a da abubuwan da aka rubuta suna sa ƙarin bincike ya zama dole.

3. Ciwon Cutar Hanta da Ciwan Cirrhosis

Matsalar hanta tana bi sahun ƙafafun wasu abubuwan haɗarin da ake iya faɗi, wato cutar hanta B da C, kamuwa da cutar aflatoxin (kwayar da ke haifar da kwaya) da yawan shan barasa (43, 44, 45).

Amma binne a cikin wallafe-wallafen kimiyya wata babbar masifa ce ta lafiyar hanta - naman alade.

Shekaru da dama, cin naman alade ya amintar da cutar kansar hanta da kuma yawan kumburi a duniya. A cikin nazarin kasashe da yawa, daidaitawa tsakanin alade da mutuwar cirrhosis wanda aka rufe a 0.40 (p <0.05) ta amfani da bayanan 1965, 0.89 (p <0.01) ta amfani da tsakiyar shekarun 1970, 0.68 (p = 0.003) ta amfani da bayanan 1996 da 0.83 ( p = 0.000) ta amfani da bayanan 2003 (,).

A cikin waɗannan nazarin guda ɗaya, a cikin lardunan 10 na Kanada, naman alade yana da alaƙa da 0.60 (p <0.01) tare da mutuwa daga cutar hanta, yayin da barasa, wataƙila saboda ƙarancin cin abinci gaba ɗaya, bai nuna wata babbar hanyar ba.

Kuma a cikin ƙididdigar ƙididdiga waɗanda ke haɗa sanannun haɗari ga hanta (shan barasa, cututtukan hepatitis B da cutar hepatitis C), naman alade ya kasance yana da alaƙa da kansa tare da cutar hanta, yana ba da shawarar ƙungiyar ba kawai saboda alade alade ba, kamar yadda lamarin yake, wani wakili mai haddasa cutar ().

Naman sa, ya bambanta, ya kasance mai tsaka-tsaki ko mai kariya a cikin waɗannan karatun.

Ofaya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin abinci na nitrosamines shine alade mai sarrafawa, wanda, tare da kasancewa baƙo mai yawa a cikin kwanon frying, yawanci ya ƙunshi nitrites da nitrates a matsayin masu warkarwa. (Kayan lambu kuma suna da wadatar abubuwan da ke faruwa a yanayi, amma abubuwan dake gurbata halittar su da kuma karancin sunadarai suna taimakawa wajen dakile ayyukan N-ciyarwa, hana su zama wakilan da ke haifar da cutar kansa ().

An samo mahimman matakan nitrosamines a cikin alade hanta naman alade, naman alade, tsiran alade, naman alade da sauran naman da aka warke (63,,). Yankin mai na kayan naman alade, musamman, ya kan tattara matakan nitrosamines da yawa fiye da naman rago, wanda hakan ke sanya naman alade ya zama tushen wadatacce ().

Kasancewar mai yana iya juya bitamin C zuwa mai tallata nitrosamine maimakon mai hana nitrosamine, don haka hada naman alade tare da kayan lambu ba zai iya ba da kariya mai yawa ba ().

Kodayake yawancin binciken kansar nitrosamine-hanta ya mayar da hankali ne kan beraye, inda wasu nitrosamines ke haifar da ciwon hanta tare da saukaka mai sauƙi, sakamakon yana bayyana ga mutane kuma (,). A zahiri, wasu masu bincike sun ba da shawarar cewa mutane na iya kasancewa sun fi damuwa da nitrosamines fiye da beraye da beraye ().

A cikin Thailand, alal misali, nitrosamines suna da alaƙa sosai da ciwon hanta a yankunan da sauran abubuwan haɗarin ke ƙasa (71). Wani bincike na 2010 na ƙungiyar NIH-AARP ya sami jan nama (gami da naman alade), naman da aka sarrafa (gami da naman alade da aka sarrafa), nitrates da nitrites don a haɗe da cutar hanta mai ɗaci. Ma'aikatan roba, wadanda suka kamu da cutar nitrosamines, sun fuskanci matsanancin yawan cutar hanta da ke da alaƙa da cutar kansa ().

Shin nitrosamines suna tabbatar da jerin larura tsakanin alade, mahaɗan cutar hanta da cutar hanta? Shaidun yanzu suna da matukar damuwa don yin wannan iƙirarin, amma haɗarin yana da sauki don ba da damar iyakance kayan naman alade masu ƙunshe da nitrosamine (ko samar da nitrosamine), gami da naman alade, naman alade, karnukan zafi da tsiran alade waɗanda aka yi da sodium nitrite ko potassium nitrate.

Linksaƙƙarfan haɗin haɗin annoba sun kasance tsakanin cin naman alade da cutar hanta. Idan waɗannan hanyoyin sun nuna sababi da sakamako, mai laifi ɗaya yana iya zama N-nitroso mahadi, waɗanda aka samo su da yawa a cikin kayan alade da aka sarrafa dafaffe a yanayin zafi mai yawa.

4. Yersiniya

Shekaru da yawa, taken rigakafin naman alade “an yi sosai ko kuma fasa,” sakamakon tsoro game da trichinosis, wani nau'in kamuwa da cutar zagaye da ke lalata masu cin naman alade a cikin yawancin 20^na karni na (73).

Godiya ga canje-canje a cikin ayyukan ciyarwa, tsabtace gona da kula da inganci, ƙwayoyin cuta masu alade sun bar radar, suna kiran naman alade mai ruwan hoda ya koma menu.

Amma alaƙar zafin jiki mai annashuwa na iya buɗe ƙofofi don wani nau'in kamuwa da cuta daban-daban - yersiniosis, wanda ke faruwa ta Yersinia kwayoyin cuta. A Amurka kadai, Yersinia yana haifar da mutuwar mutane 35 da kusan sharuɗɗan guba 117,000 na abinci a kowace shekara (). Babbar hanyar shigarta ga mutane? Alade mara laushi.

Yersiniosis ta m bayyanar cututtuka ne m isa - zazzabi, zafi, zubar jini - amma ta dogon lokacin da sakamakon ne abin da ya kamata gaske ringing kararrawa. Wadanda abin ya shafa Yersinia guba tana fuskantar haɗarin sau 47 na haɗarin cututtukan zuciya, nau'in cututtukan haɗin gwiwa mai kumburi wanda ya kamu da kamuwa da cuta (75).

Ko da yara sun zama post-Yersinia cututtukan arthritis, wani lokaci ana buƙatar synovectomy na sinadarai (allurar osmic acid a cikin haɗin gwiwa mai wahala) don taimakawa ci gaba mai zafi (76, 77).

Kuma a cikin ƙananan al'amuran inda Yersinia ba ya kawo zazzaɓi na yau da kullun, rashin jin daɗin ciki? Magungunan cututtukan zuciya na iya ci gaba koda lokacin da asalin cutar ta kasance ba ta da wata ma'ana, ta bar wasu waɗanda ke fama da cutar ba su san cewa cututtukan na su sakamakon cututtukan abinci ne (78).

Kodayake amosanin gabbai yawanci yakan sauka kansa tsawon lokaci, Yersinia wadanda ke fama da cutar sun kasance cikin hadari mafi girma na matsalolin hadin gwiwa na yau da kullun, gami da cututtukan cututtukan zuciya, sacroiliitis, tenosynovitis da cututtukan zuciya na rheumatoid, tsawon shekaru a ƙarshen (, 80, 81).

Wasu shaidu sun nuna hakan Yersinia na iya haifar da rikitarwa na jijiyoyin jiki (82). Mutanen da suka kamu da cutar ta ƙarfe na iya kasancewa cikin haɗarin haɗarin ƙwayar hanta da yawa, wanda ke haifar da mutuwa (,,). Kuma a tsakanin mutanen da suke da saukin kamuwa da kwayar halitta, uveitis na gaba, kumburin iris na ido, shi ma wataƙila ya biyo baya ne Yersinia (, ).

Aƙarshe, ta hanyar kwaikwayon kwayar halitta, Yersinia Har ila yau kamuwa da cuta na iya haifar da haɗarin cutar ta Graves, yanayin rashin daidaito wanda ke haifar da yawan haɓakar hormone (()).

Mafita? Ku zo da zafi. Yawancin samfuran alade (69% na samfurin da aka gwada, bisa ga binciken Rahoton Masu Amfani) sun gurɓata da Yersinia kwayoyin cuta, kuma hanya daya tak da za'a kiyaye daga kamuwa da ita shine ta hanyar dafa abinci mai kyau. Yanayin zafin jiki na aƙalla 145 ° F don naman alade duka da 160 ° F don naman alade ya zama dole don yanke duk wani ƙwayar cuta.

Naman alade da ba a dafa ba zai iya watsawa Yersinia kwayoyin cuta, haifar da rashin lafiya na ɗan gajeren lokaci da haɓaka haɗarin cututtukan cututtukan zuciya, yanayin haɗin gwiwa na yau da kullun, cututtukan Graves da sauran rikice-rikice.

A Kammalawa

Don haka, ya kamata masanin kiwon lafiya ya san komai game da naman alade daga menu?

Har yanzu alkali bai fita ba. Don matsalolin alade biyu - hepatitis E da Yersinia - dafa abinci mai tsauri da kiyaye hadari ya isa ya rage haɗarin. Kuma saboda ƙarancin sarrafawa, binciken naman alade wanda ke iya kafa sanadi, sauran alamomin aladun alade sun fito ne daga annoba - filin da ke cike da masu ruɗani da kuma amintaccen dalili.

Mafi muni, yawancin abinci-da-cututtukan karatu suna cinye naman alade tare da wasu nau'ikan jan nama, narke duk wata ƙungiya da zata kasance tare da naman alade kaɗai.

Waɗannan batutuwan suna da wuya a keɓance tasirin lafiyar alamomin da alade ya haifar da ƙayyade amincin amfanin su.

Da aka faɗi haka, tabbas tabbas garantin yana da garanti. Matsakaicin girma, daidaito da ƙwarewar makircin alade tare da cututtuka masu haɗari da yawa ya sa damar haɗarin gaske ya zama mai yuwuwa.

Har sai an sami ƙarin bincike, kuna so kuyi tunani sau biyu game da farautar alade-alade.

Ciwon daji na hanta, shima, yakan bi sahun matakan kofato na alade. Wani bincike na 1985 ya nuna cewa cin naman alade ya haɗu da cututtukan cututtukan hanta kamar yadda giya ya yi (0.40, p <0.05 don duka) (). (Yin la'akari da cirrhosis na hanta galibi prelude ne zuwa ciwon daji, wannan haɗin ba zai zama abin mamaki ba (50).)

Don haka, menene bayan waɗannan ƙungiyoyi masu ban tsoro?

Da farko kallo, mafi yuwuwar bayani ba zai fita ba. Kodayake hepatitis E da ke yaduwa da naman alade na iya haifar da cutar hanta, wannan yana faruwa kusan kawai a cikin mutanen da ke da rigakafin rigakafi, wani rukuni na yawan mutanen da ke da karancin lissafi ga alakar duniya ().

Dangi da sauran nama, naman alade yana son kasancewa mai yawan omega-6, wanda ya hada da linoleic acid da arachidonic acid, wanda zai iya taka rawa a cutar hanta (,,). Amma mai na kayan lambu, wanda polyunsaturated fatty acid ke fitarwa naman alade daga ruwa, kada kuyi rawa irin wannan cutar hanta tango da naman alade yake yi, yana kira zuwa tambaya ko kitse da gaske ake zargi (55, 56).

Amine na Heterocyclic, wani nau'ikan carcinogens wanda aka kirkira ta dafa nama (gami da naman alade) a yanayin zafi mai yawa, suna taimakawa ga cutar kansar hanta a cikin dabbobi da dama (). Amma waɗannan mahaɗan ma ana iya samar dasu cikin naman sa, bisa ga irin binciken da ya nuna naman alade bashi da kyakkyawar dangantaka da cutar hanta (,).

Tare da duk wannan a zuciya, zai zama da sauƙi a watsar da alaƙar cutar alade da hanta azaman annobar annoba. Koyaya, akwai wasu hanyoyin da za'a iya yarda dasu.

Mai yiwuwa maƙwabcin ya shafi nitrosamines, waxanda sune mahaukacin carcinogenic da aka kirkira lokacin da nitrites da nitrates suka amsa tare da wasu amines (daga furotin), musamman a cikin babban zafi (). Wadannan mahaɗan suna da alaƙa da lalacewa da ciwon daji a cikin gabobi da yawa, gami da hanta (61).

Ofaya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin abinci na nitrosamines shine alade mai sarrafawa, wanda, tare da kasancewa baƙo mai yawa a cikin kwanon frying, yawanci ya ƙunshi nitrites da nitrates a matsayin masu warkarwa. (Kayan lambu kuma suna da wadatar abubuwan da ke faruwa a yanayi, amma abubuwan dake gurbata halittar su da kuma karancin sunadarai suna taimakawa wajen dakile ayyukan N-ciyarwa, hana su zama wakilan da ke haifar da cutar kansa ().

An samo mahimman matakan nitrosamines a cikin alade hanta naman alade, naman alade, tsiran alade, naman alade da sauran naman da aka warke (63,,). Yankin mai na kayan naman alade, musamman, ya kan tattara matakan nitrosamines da yawa fiye da naman rago, wanda hakan ke sanya naman alade ya zama tushen wadatacce ().

Kasancewar mai yana iya juya bitamin C zuwa mai tallata nitrosamine maimakon mai hana nitrosamine, don haka hada naman alade tare da kayan lambu ba zai iya ba da kariya mai yawa ba ().

Kodayake yawancin binciken kansar nitrosamine-hanta ya mayar da hankali ne kan beraye, inda wasu nitrosamines ke haifar da ciwon hanta tare da saukaka mai sauƙi, sakamakon yana bayyana ga mutane kuma (,). A zahiri, wasu masu bincike sun ba da shawarar cewa mutane na iya kasancewa sun fi damuwa da nitrosamines fiye da beraye da beraye ().

A cikin Thailand, alal misali, nitrosamines suna da alaƙa sosai da ciwon hanta a yankunan da sauran abubuwan haɗarin ke ƙasa (71). Wani bincike na 2010 na ƙungiyar NIH-AARP ya sami jan nama (gami da naman alade), naman da aka sarrafa (gami da naman alade da aka sarrafa), nitrates da nitrites don a haɗe da cutar hanta mai ɗaci. Ma'aikatan roba, wadanda suka kamu da cutar nitrosamines, sun fuskanci matsanancin yawan cutar hanta da ke da alaƙa da cutar kansa ().

Shin nitrosamines suna tabbatar da jerin larura tsakanin alade, mahaɗan cutar hanta da cutar hanta? Shaidun yanzu suna da matukar damuwa don yin wannan iƙirarin, amma haɗarin yana da sauki don ba da damar iyakance kayan naman alade masu ƙunshe da nitrosamine (ko samar da nitrosamine), gami da naman alade, naman alade, karnukan zafi da tsiran alade waɗanda aka yi da sodium nitrite ko potassium nitrate.

Linksaƙƙarfan haɗin haɗin annoba sun kasance tsakanin cin naman alade da cutar hanta. Idan waɗannan hanyoyin sun nuna sababi da sakamako, mai laifi ɗaya yana iya zama N-nitroso mahadi, waɗanda aka samo su da yawa a cikin kayan alade da aka sarrafa dafaffe a yanayin zafi mai yawa.

4. Yersiniya

Shekaru da yawa, taken rigakafin naman alade “an yi sosai ko kuma fasa,” sakamakon tsoro game da trichinosis, wani nau'in kamuwa da cutar zagaye da ke lalata masu cin naman alade a cikin yawancin 20^na karni na (73).

Godiya ga canje-canje a cikin ayyukan ciyarwa, tsabtace gona da kula da inganci, ƙwayoyin cuta masu alade sun bar radar, suna kiran naman alade mai ruwan hoda ya koma menu.

Amma alaƙar zafin jiki mai annashuwa na iya buɗe ƙofofi don wani nau'in kamuwa da cuta daban-daban - yersiniosis, wanda ke faruwa ta Yersinia kwayoyin cuta. A Amurka kadai, Yersinia yana haifar da mutuwar mutane 35 da kusan sharuɗɗan guba 117,000 na abinci a kowace shekara (). Babbar hanyar shigarta ga mutane? Alade mara laushi.

Yersiniosis ta m bayyanar cututtuka ne m isa - zazzabi, zafi, zubar jini - amma ta dogon lokacin da sakamakon ne abin da ya kamata gaske ringing kararrawa. Wadanda abin ya shafa Yersinia guba tana fuskantar haɗarin sau 47 na haɗarin cututtukan zuciya, nau'in cututtukan haɗin gwiwa mai kumburi wanda ya kamu da kamuwa da cuta (75).

Ko da yara sun zama post-Yersinia cututtukan arthritis, wani lokaci ana buƙatar synovectomy na sinadarai (allurar osmic acid a cikin haɗin gwiwa mai wahala) don taimakawa ci gaba mai zafi (76, 77).

Kuma a cikin ƙananan al'amuran inda Yersinia ba ya kawo zazzaɓi na yau da kullun, rashin jin daɗin ciki? Magungunan cututtukan zuciya na iya ci gaba koda lokacin da asalin cutar ta kasance ba ta da wata ma'ana, ta bar wasu waɗanda ke fama da cutar ba su san cewa cututtukan na su sakamakon cututtukan abinci ne (78).

Kodayake amosanin gabbai yawanci yakan sauka kansa tsawon lokaci, Yersinia wadanda ke fama da cutar sun kasance cikin hadari mafi girma na matsalolin hadin gwiwa na yau da kullun, gami da cututtukan cututtukan zuciya, sacroiliitis, tenosynovitis da cututtukan zuciya na rheumatoid, tsawon shekaru a ƙarshen (, 80, 81).

Wasu shaidu sun nuna hakan Yersinia na iya haifar da rikitarwa na jijiyoyin jiki (82). Mutanen da suka kamu da cutar ta ƙarfe na iya kasancewa cikin haɗarin haɗarin ƙwayar hanta da yawa, wanda ke haifar da mutuwa (,,). Kuma tsakanin mutanen da suke da saukin kamuwa da kwayar halitta, cutar hanji ta gaba, kumburin iris na ido, shi ma wataƙila za a iya yin ta Yersinia (, ).

Aƙarshe, ta hanyar kwaikwayon kwayar halitta, Yersinia Har ila yau kamuwa da cuta na iya haifar da haɗarin cutar ta Graves, yanayin rashin daidaito wanda ke haifar da yawan haɓakar hormone (()).

Mafita? Ku zo da zafi. Yawancin samfuran alade (69% na samfurin da aka gwada, bisa ga binciken Rahoton Abokan Ciniki) sun gurɓata da Yersinia kwayoyin cuta, kuma hanya daya tak da za'a kiyaye daga kamuwa da ita shine ta hanyar dafa abinci mai kyau. Zafin ciki na ciki na akalla 145 ° F don naman alade duka da 160 ° F don naman alade ya zama dole don yanke duk wani ƙwayar cuta.

Naman alade da ba a dafa ba zai iya watsawa Yersinia kwayoyin cuta, haifar da rashin lafiya na ɗan gajeren lokaci da haɓaka haɗarin cututtukan cututtukan zuciya, yanayin haɗin gwiwa na yau da kullun, cututtukan Graves da sauran rikice-rikice.

A Kammalawa

Don haka, ya kamata masanin kiwon lafiya ya san komai game da naman alade daga menu?

Har yanzu alkali bai fita ba. Don matsalolin alade biyu - hepatitis E da Yersinia - dafa abinci mai tsauri da kiyaye hadari ya isa ya rage haɗarin. Kuma saboda ƙarancin sarrafawa, binciken naman alade wanda ke iya kafa sanadiyyar, sauran alamomin aladun alade sun fito ne daga annoba - filin da ke cike da masu ruɗani da kuma amintaccen dalili.

Mafi muni, yawancin abinci-da-cututtukan karatu suna cinye naman alade tare da wasu nau'ikan jan nama, narke duk wata ƙungiya da zata kasance tare da naman alade kaɗai.

Waɗannan batutuwan suna da wuya a keɓance tasirin lafiyar alamomin da alade ya haifar da ƙayyade amincin amfanin su.

Da aka faɗi haka, tabbas tabbas garantin yana da garanti. Matsakaicin girma, daidaito da ƙwarewar makircin alade tare da cututtuka masu haɗari da yawa ya sa damar haɗarin gaske ya zama mai yuwuwa.

Har sai an sami ƙarin bincike, kuna so kuyi tunani sau biyu game da farautar alade-alade.