Mene ne Gwanin Synaptic?

Wadatacce

• Ma'ana
• Ta yaya zaren synaptic yake aiki?
• Yaushe akeyin sautin synaptic?
• Farkon tsarin haihuwa zuwa shekaru 2
• Shekaru 2 zuwa 10
• Samartaka
• Samun balaga
• Shin yankan synaptic yayi bayanin farkon cutar sikizophrenia?
• Ana alakanta synaptic tare da autism?
• Ina aka dosa bincike game da datsa sinadarin synaptic?

Ma'ana

Synaptic pruning tsari ne na halitta wanda ke faruwa a cikin kwakwalwa tsakanin ƙuruciya da ƙuruciya. A yayin datse synaptic, kwakwalwa tana cire karin synapses. Synapses sune tsarin kwakwalwa wanda ke bawa ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta damar watsa siginar lantarki ko sinadarai zuwa wani neuron.

Synaptic pruning ana zaton hanya ce ta kwakwalwa don cire haɗin haɗi a cikin kwakwalwa wanda ba a buƙata. Masu binciken kwanan nan sun gano cewa kwakwalwa ta fi “roba” kuma ta gyaru fiye da yadda ake tsammani. Synaptic pruning shine hanyar jikinmu don kiyaye ingantaccen aikin kwakwalwa yayin da muke tsufa da kuma koyon sabbin bayanai masu rikitarwa.

Kamar yadda ake ƙarin sani game da datse synaptic, yawancin masu bincike suma suna mamakin ko akwai hanyar haɗi tsakanin ɓarkewar synaptic da farkon wasu rikice-rikice, gami da schizophrenia da autism.

Ta yaya zaren synaptic yake aiki?

Yayin yarinta, kwakwalwa na fuskantar yawan girma. Akwai fashewar samuwar synapse tsakanin jijiyoyi yayin ci gaban kwakwalwa na farko. Wannan ana kiransa synaptogenesis.

Wannan lokaci mai sauri na synaptogenesis yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ilmantarwa, ƙwarewar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, da daidaitawa tun farkon rayuwa. A kusan shekaru 2 zuwa 3, adadin synapses ya kai matakin qarshe. Amma kuma jim kaɗan bayan wannan lokacin na haɓakar synaptic, ƙwaƙwalwa za ta fara cire synapses ɗin da ba ta buƙata.

Da zarar kwakwalwa ta kirkiro wani abu, zai iya karfafa ko ya raunana. Wannan ya dogara da sau nawa ake amfani da synapse. A takaice dai, tsarin yana bin ka'idar "yi amfani da shi ko rasa shi": Ma'anar Synapses da suka fi aiki ana ƙarfafa su, kuma synapses waɗanda basu da aiki sosai sun raunana kuma a ƙarshe an yanke su. Hanyar cire synapses marasa mahimmanci a wannan lokacin ana kiranta azkar synaptic.

Maganin synaptic na farko yafi rinjayar kwayoyin halittarmu. Daga baya, ya dogara ne da abubuwan da muka samu. A takaice dai, ko akashin synapse yana da tasiri ta hanyar abubuwan da yaro mai tasowa ya samu tare da duniyar da ke kewaye da su. Stimara motsa jiki koyaushe yana sa synapses ya yi girma ya zama na dindindin. Amma idan yaro ya sami ƙaramin motsawa ƙwaƙwalwa zai rage waɗannan haɗin.

Yaushe akeyin sautin synaptic?

Lokaci na synaptic pruning ya bambanta ta yankin kwakwalwa. Wasu ɓarnar synaptic suna farawa sosai da wuri, amma mafi saurin sautuwa yana faruwa tsakanin kimanin shekaru 2 da 16.

Farkon tsarin haihuwa zuwa shekaru 2

Ci gaban kwakwalwa a cikin amfrayo yana farawa yan makonni kadan bayan samun ciki. Da watan bakwai na ciki, tayin zai fara fitar da taguwar kwakwalwarsa. New neurons and synapses kwakwalwa ne ke kirkiro su a wani yanayi mai matukar tsada a wannan lokacin.

A cikin shekarar farko ta rayuwa, yawan synapses a cikin kwakwalwar jariri ya ninka ninki goma. Da shekara 2 ko 3, jariri yana da kusan synapses 15,000 a kowace jijiya.

A cikin kwakwalwar gani na kwakwalwa (bangaren da ke daukar nauyin hangen nesa), samarda sifa ya hadu da ganuwa kusan watanni 8 da haihuwa. A cikin matakan farko, yawan matakan synapses na faruwa wani lokaci yayin shekarar farko ta rayuwa. Ana amfani da wannan sashin kwakwalwa don halaye masu rikitarwa iri daban-daban, gami da tsarawa da kuma mutuntaka.

Shekaru 2 zuwa 10

A lokacin shekara ta biyu ta rayuwa, adadin synapses ya ragu sosai. Synaptic pruning yana faruwa da sauri sosai tsakanin shekaru 2 zuwa 10. A wannan lokacin, kusan 50% na ƙarin synapses an kawar. A cikin kwayar gani, pruning ya ci gaba har zuwa shekaru 6 da haihuwa.

Samartaka

Synaptic pruning yana ci gaba har zuwa samartaka, amma ba sauri kamar da ba. Adadin adadin synapses ya fara daidaitawa.

Yayinda masu bincike suka taba tunanin kwakwalwa kawai ta yanke synapses har zuwa farkon samartaka, cigaban da aka samu a baya-bayan nan sun gano wani lokacin yankan na biyu a lokacin samartaka.

Samun balaga

Dangane da sabon bincike, synaptic pruning a zahiri yana ci gaba har zuwa lokacin da ya fara girma kuma yana tsayawa wani lokaci a ƙarshen 20s.

Abin sha'awa, a wannan lokacin yawan yankan ya fi faruwa a cikin kwakwalwar kwakwalwa, wanda shine ɓangaren ƙwaƙwalwar da ke cikin ayyukan yanke shawara, haɓaka ɗabi'a, da tunani mai mahimmanci.

Shin yankan synaptic yayi bayanin farkon cutar sikizophrenia?

Binciken da ke kallon alaƙar da ke tsakanin yanke synaptic da schizophrenia har yanzu yana farkon matakai. Ka'idar ita ce cewa kwakwalwar schizophrenic "an fizge ta," kuma wannan wuce gona da iri ya samo asali ne daga maye gurbi da ke shafar aikin yanke sinadarin.

Misali, lokacin da masu bincike suka kalli hotunan kwakwalwar mutanen da ke da tabin hankali, kamar schizophrenia, sun gano cewa mutanen da ke fama da tabin hankali suna da karancin synapses a yankin gaba idan aka kwatanta da kwakwalwar mutanen da ba su da tabin hankali.

Bayan haka, samfurin kwakwalwar mutum bayan mutuwa da DNA daga mutane sama da 100,000 kuma ya gano cewa mutanen da ke da cutar schizophrenia suna da takamaiman bambancin kwayar halitta wanda zai iya kasancewa yana da alaƙa da hanzarin aiwatar da aikin sarƙar synaptic.

Ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike don tabbatar da tunanin cewa ɓarkewar synaptic mara kyau na taimaka wa schizophrenia. Duk da yake wannan har yanzu yana da nisa, yankewar synaptic na iya wakiltar manufa mai ban sha'awa don jiyya ga mutanen da ke da tabin hankali.

Ana alakanta synaptic tare da autism?

Masana kimiyya har yanzu ba su fayyace ainihin dalilin rashin lafiyar ba. Wataƙila akwai abubuwa da yawa yayin wasa, amma kwanan nan, bincike ya nuna hanyar haɗi tsakanin maye gurbi a cikin wasu ƙwayoyin halitta da ke da alaƙa da aikin synaptic da cututtukan bambance-bambance na autism (ASD).

Ba kamar bincike game da cutar schizophrenia ba, wanda ke nuna cewa kwakwalwa “ta wuce gona da iri,” masu bincike sun yi tunanin cewa kwakwalwar mutanen da ke fama da cutar ta autism na iya “zama mara-rauni”. A ka'idar, to, wannan yanke-yanke yana haifar da yawan synapses a wasu sassan kwakwalwa.

Don gwada wannan tunanin, masu bincike sun kalli ƙwayar kwakwalwa na yara 13 da matasa tare da ba tare da autism ba wanda ya mutu tsakanin shekaru 2 da 20. Masana kimiyya sun gano cewa kwakwalwar matasa da ke fama da autism suna da ƙarin cuwa cuwa da yawa fiye da kwakwalwar matasa masu zurfin ciki. . Childrenananan yara a cikin ƙungiyoyin biyu suna da adadin adadin synapses. Wannan yana nuna cewa yanayin na iya faruwa yayin aikin yankan. Wannan binciken yana nuna bambanci ne kawai a cikin sihiri, amma ba ko wannan banbancin na iya zama sanadin ko tasirin autism, ko kuma kawai ƙungiya.

Wannan ka'idar ta yanke hukunci na iya taimakawa wajen bayyana wasu alamomin cutar ta Autism, kamar yawan damuwa da hayaniya, fitilu, da abubuwan da suka shafi zamantakewar al'umma, da kuma kamuwa da cutar farfadiya. Idan akwai alamun synapses da yawa da ake harbawa a lokaci daya, mai cutar Autism zai iya fuskantar yawan hayaniya maimakon amsawar kwakwalwa mai kyau.

Bugu da ƙari, binciken da ya gabata ya danganta autism tare da maye gurbi a cikin ƙwayoyin halittar da ke aiki akan furotin da aka sani da mTOR kinase. An samo yawancin mTOR mai yawan aiki a cikin kwakwalwar marasa lafiyar autism. Beenarin aiki a cikin hanyar mTOR an kuma nuna yana haɗuwa da haɓakar haɓakar synapses. Studyaya daga cikin binciken ya gano cewa beraye masu yawan aiki tare da mTOR suna da lahani a cikin ɓarnar synaptic kuma sun nuna halaye irin na ASD.

Ina aka dosa bincike game da datsa sinadarin synaptic?

Synaptic pruning wani yanki ne mai mahimmanci na ci gaban kwakwalwa. Ta hanyar kawar da synapses da ba'a amfani dasu, kwakwalwa zata zama mai aiki yayin da kake tsufa.

A yau, yawancin ra'ayoyi game da ci gaban kwakwalwar ɗan adam suna amfani da wannan ra'ayin na filastik ɗin kwakwalwa. Masu bincike a yanzu suna bincika hanyoyin da za su iya sarrafa sahun magunguna da magunguna ko kuma maganin da aka yi niyya. Suna kuma duba yadda za su yi amfani da wannan sabon fahimtar na synaptic pruning don inganta ilimin yara. Masu binciken suna kuma nazarin yadda sifofin synapses na iya taka rawa a cikin nakasawar hankali.

Hanyar yanke synaptiy na iya zama manufa mai ma'ana ga jiyya ga mutane masu yanayi kamar schizophrenia da autism. Koyaya, bincike yana cikin matakan farko.