COVID-19 rigakafin: yadda yake aiki da sakamako masu illa

Wadatacce

• Ta yaya maganin rigakafin COVID-19 yake Aiki
• Yaya ake lissafin ingancin allurar?
• Shin maganin alurar riga kafi yana da tasiri game da sababbin nau'o'in ƙwayoyin cuta?
• Lokacin da rigakafin farko zasu iya zuwa
• Shirin rigakafi a Brazil
• Shirin rigakafi a Fotigal
• Yadda ake sanin ko kuna cikin ƙungiyar haɗari
• Wanene ya taɓa COVID-19 zai iya samun allurar?
• Matsalar da ka iya haifar
• Wanene bai kamata ya sami allurar ba
• Gwada ilimin ku
• Alurar rigakafin COVID-19: gwada ilimin ku!

Ana yin nazarin maganin alurar rigakafi da yawa kan COVID-19 a duniya kuma ana haɓaka don ƙoƙarin yaƙi da cutar da sabon coronavirus ya haifar. Zuwa yanzu, allurar rigakafin Pfizer ce kawai WHO ta amince da ita, amma wasu da yawa suna kan aikin kimantawa.

Alluran rigakafin guda 6 wadanda suka nuna sakamako mai gamsarwa sune:

• Pfizer da BioNTech (BNT162): maganin rigakafin Arewacin Amurka da na Jamusanci yayi tasiri 90% a cikin karatu na 3;
• Na zamani (mRNA-1273): maganin alurar rigakafin Arewacin Amurka ya kasance yana da tasiri kashi 94.5% a cikin karatu karo na 3;
• Cibiyar Nazarin Gamaleya (Sputnik V): maganin alurar rigakafin Rasha ya kasance 91.6% yana tasiri akan COVID-19;
• AstraZeneca da Jami'ar Oxford (AZD1222): maganin rigakafin Ingilishi yana cikin karatun kashi na 3 kuma a matakin farko ya nuna ingancin kashi 70.4%;
• Sinovac (Coronavac): allurar rigakafin kasar Sin da aka haɓaka tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da Cibiyar Butantan ta nuna ƙimar ingancin kashi 78% na masu ƙananan larura da kuma 100% na matsakaici da tsanani cututtuka;
• Johnson da Johnson (JNJ-78436735): bisa ga sakamakon farko, maganin rigakafin Arewacin Amurka ya bayyana yana da ƙimar tasiri tun daga 66 zuwa 85%, kuma wannan ƙimar ta bambanta gwargwadon ƙasar da ake amfani da ita.

Baya ga wadannan, wasu alluran kamar NVX-CoV2373, daga Novavax, Ad5-nCoV, daga CanSino ko Covaxin, daga Bharat Biotech, suma suna cikin kashi na 3 na binciken, amma har yanzu basu sami sakamako ba.

Dokta Esper Kallas, cututtukan cututtuka da Cikakken Farfesa na Ma'aikatar Cutar da Cutar Parasitic a FMUSP sun bayyana babban shakku game da rigakafin:

Ta yaya maganin rigakafin COVID-19 yake Aiki

Alurar rigakafi akan COVID-19 an haɓaka bisa tushen nau'ikan fasaha 3:

• Fasahar halittar manzo RNA: shine fasaha da aka fi amfani da ita wajen samar da alluran rigakafi na dabbobi kuma hakan na sa ƙwayoyin rai masu lafiya a cikin jiki su samar da furotin ɗin da coronavirus ke amfani da shi don shiga ƙwayoyin halitta. A yin haka, ana tilasta garkuwar jiki ta samar da kwayoyi wadanda, yayin kamuwa da cuta, na iya kawar da furotin na kwayar kwayar kwayar gaske da kuma hana kamuwa da cutar daga ci gaba. Wannan ita ce fasahar da ake amfani da ita a cikin rigakafin daga Pfizer da Moderna;
• Amfani da adenoviruses da aka gyara: ya kunshi amfani da adenoviruses, wadanda basa cutarwa ga jikin mutum, da kuma gyara su ta dabi'unsu domin suyi aiki irin na coronavirus, amma ba tare da hadari ga lafiya ba. Wannan yana haifar da tsarin garkuwar jiki don horarwa da kuma samar da kwayoyi masu iya kawar da kwayar cutar yayin kamuwa da cuta. Wannan ita ce fasahar da ke bayan allurar riga-kafi daga Astrazeneca, Sputnik V da kuma allurar daga Johnson & Johnson;
• Amfani da inactivated coronavirus: ana amfani da wani nau'in inactiactive na sabon coronavirus wanda baya haifar da kamuwa da cuta ko matsalolin lafiya, amma wanda yake bawa jiki damar samar da ƙwayoyin cuta da suka dace don yaƙi da kwayar.

Duk waɗannan hanyoyi na aiki suna da tasiri a zahiri kuma tuni suna aiki a cikin samar da alluran rigakafin wasu cututtuka.

Yaya ake lissafin ingancin allurar?

Ana kirga yawan tasirin kowace rigakafin ne gwargwadon yawan mutanen da suka kamu da cutar da kuma wadanda aka yiwa rigakafin a zahiri, idan aka kwatanta da waɗanda ba a yi musu allurar ba da waɗanda suka sami maganin maye.

Misali, game da allurar rigakafin Pfizer, an yi nazari game da mutane 44,000 kuma, daga wannan rukunin, 94 ne kawai suka ƙare da haɓaka COVID-19. Daga cikin 94 din, 9 mutane ne da aka yiwa rigakafi, yayin da ragowar 85 mutane ne da suka karbi maganin kuma saboda haka ba su sami allurar ba. Dangane da waɗannan ƙididdigar, ƙimar tasirin kusan 90%.

Mafi kyawun fahimtar menene placebo shine kuma menene don shi.

Shin maganin alurar riga kafi yana da tasiri game da sababbin nau'o'in ƙwayoyin cuta?

Dangane da binciken da aka yi tare da allurar rigakafin daga Pfizer da BioNTech^[3], an nuna alamun rigakafin da allurar rigakafin ta haifar ya kasance mai tasiri akan sabbin bambance-bambancen cututtukan coronavirus, duka biyun na canzawar Burtaniya da Afirka ta Kudu.

Bugu da kari, binciken ya kuma nuna cewa allurar rigakafin ta kasance mai tasiri ga wasu yiwuwar maye gurbi 15 na kwayar.

Lokacin da rigakafin farko zasu iya zuwa

Ana sa ran cewa za a fara rarraba alluran rigakafin na farko a kan COVID-19 a watan Janairun 2021. Wannan ba zai yiwu ba sai don ƙirƙirar wasu shirye-shirye na musamman da yawa waɗanda ke ba da damar sakin rigakafin gaggawa ba tare da an bi dukkan matakan amincewa da aka bayyana ta WAYE.

A cikin yanayi na yau da kullun kuma bisa ga WHO, ya kamata a sake alurar riga kafi ga yawan jama'a bayan kammala waɗannan matakan:

1. Dakin gwaje-gwajen da ke samar da allurar yana bukatar gudanar da karatuttukan zamani karo na uku wadanda ke nuna gamsassun sakamako don aminci da inganci;
2. Alurar rigakafin yana buƙatar kimantawa ta ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu daga dakin gwaje-gwaje, gami da hukumar kula da ƙasa, wacce a batun Brazil ita ce Anvisa, da kuma Fotigal Infarmed;
3. Kungiyar masu binciken da WHO ta zaba suna nazarin bayanan da aka samu daga dukkan gwaje-gwaje don tabbatar da aminci da inganci, tare da tsara yadda za a yi amfani da kowace rigakafin;
4. Dole ne a samar da alluran rigakafin da WHO ta amince da su da yawa;
5. Wajibi ne don tabbatar da cewa ana iya rarraba alluran rigakafi zuwa duk ƙasashe tare da tsaurara matakai.

WHO ta hada karfi da karfe don tabbatar da cewa tsarin amincewa ga kowane allurar ya ci gaba cikin sauri, kuma masu mulki a kowace kasa sun kuma amince da izini na musamman na rigakafin COVID-19.

Game da ƙasar Brazil, Anvisa ta amince da izini na ɗan lokaci da na gaggawa wanda ke ba da damar yin amfani da wasu alluran da sauri cikin wasu rukuni na jama'a. Ko da hakane, waɗannan alurar rigakafin dole ne suyi aiki da wasu ƙa'idodi na yau da kullun kuma SUS ne kawai zai iya rarraba su.

Shirin rigakafi a Brazil

A cikin shirin da farko Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta fitar^[1], alurar riga kafi za a kasu kashi 4 don isa ga manyan kungiyoyin fifiko, amma, sabbin bayanai sun nuna cewa ana iya yin allurar riga-kafi a matakai 3 masu fifiko:

• Mataki na 1: ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya, mutane sama da 75, 'yan asalin ƙasar da kuma sama da 60 waɗanda ke zaune a cibiyoyi za a yi musu rigakafin;
• Mataki na 2: mutanen da suka haura 60 za a yiwa rigakafin;
• Mataki na 3: mutanen da suke da wasu cututtukan za a yi musu allurar rigakafin da ke ƙara haɗarin kamuwa da cuta mai tsanani ta COVID-19, kamar su ciwon suga, hauhawar jini, cutar koda, da sauransu;

Bayan an yiwa manyan kungiyoyin masu hadarin, allurar rigakafin COVID-19 ga sauran jama'a.

Alluran rigakafin da Anvisa ta amince da amfani da su na gaggawa sune Coronavac, wanda Cibiyar Butantan ta samar tare da haɗin gwiwar Sinovac, da AZD1222, waɗanda aka samar daga dakin binciken AstraZeneca tare da haɗin gwiwar Jami'ar Oxford.

Shirin rigakafi a Fotigal

Tsarin rigakafin a Fotigal^[2] ya nuna cewa ya kamata a fara raba allurar rigakafin a ƙarshen Disamba, bisa ƙa'idodin da Hukumar Kula da Magunguna ta Turai ta amince da su.

3 an riga an hango matakan rigakafi:

• Mataki na 1: kwararrun likitocin, ma'aikatan gidajen kula da tsofaffi da sassan kulawa, kwararru a cikin sojoji, jami'an tsaro da kuma mutanen da suka haura shekaru 50 kuma tare da wasu cututtukan da ke hade;
• Mataki na 2: mutanen da suka haura shekaru 65;
• Mataki na 3: sauran jama'a.

Za a rarraba allurar rigakafi kyauta a cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya da wuraren allurar rigakafi a cikin NHS.

Yadda ake sanin ko kuna cikin ƙungiyar haɗari

Don gano ko kuna cikin ƙungiyar da ke cikin haɗarin fuskantar mummunan rikitarwa na COVID-19, ɗauki wannan gwajin kan layi:

• 1
• 2
• 3
• 4
• 5
• 6
• 7
• 8
• 9
• 10

Fara gwajin Jima'i:

• Namiji
• Na mata

Shekaru: Nauyi: Tsawo: A cikin mitoci. Kuna da wani rashin lafiya na kullum?

• A'a
• Ciwon suga
• Hawan jini
• Ciwon daji
• Ciwon zuciya
• Sauran

Kuna da wata cuta wacce take shafar garkuwar jiki?

• A'a
• Lupus
• Mahara sclerosis
• Cutar Sikila
• HIV / AIDs
• Sauran

Kuna da cutar rashin lafiya?

• Ee
• A'a

Shin kai mai shan sigari ne?

• Ee
• A'a

Kuna da dashi?

• Ee
• A'a

Kuna amfani da magungunan likita?

• A'a
• Corticosteroids, kamar Prednisolone
• Immunosuppressants, kamar Cyclosporine
• Sauran

Na Gaba Gaba

Yana da mahimmanci a tuna cewa wannan gwajin yana nuna yuwuwar haifar da rikice-rikice masu tsanani idan kun kamu da COVID-19 kuma ba haɗarin kamuwa da cutar ba. Wannan saboda, haɗarin kamuwa da cutar ba ya ƙaruwa saboda tarihin lafiyar mutum, kasancewa yana da alaƙa da halaye na yau da kullun, kamar rashin kiyaye tazarar jama'a, rashin wanke hannuwanku ko amfani da abin rufe fuska na mutum.

Duba duk abin da zaku iya yi don rage haɗarin kamuwa da COVID-19.

Wanene ya taɓa COVID-19 zai iya samun allurar?

Jagoran shine cewa dukkan mutane za'a iya yin rigakafin lafiya, ko sun taɓa samun kamuwa da COVID-19 a baya. Kodayake karatu ya nuna cewa bayan kamuwa da cuta jiki yana samarda kariya ta asali daga kwayar don aƙalla kwanaki 90, wasu binciken kuma suna nuna cewa rigakafin da alurar riga kafi ya ninka har sau 3.

Cikakken rigakafi daga alurar rigakafin ana ɗaukar shi aiki ne kawai bayan an gudanar da allurai na allurar.

A kowane hali, yin rigakafin ko kuma kamuwa da cutar ta baya tare da COVID-19, ana ba da shawarar ci gaba da ɗaukar matakan kariya na mutum, kamar sa abin rufe fuska, yawan wanke hannu da nisan zaman jama'a.

Matsalar da ka iya haifar

Ba a san tasirin tasirin dukkan alluran rigakafin da ake samarwa akan COVID-19 ba. Koyaya, bisa ga karatu tare da alluran rigakafin da Pfizer-BioNTech da dakin gwaje-gwaje na Moderna suka samar, waɗannan alamun sun haɗa da:

• Jin zafi a wurin allura;
• Gajiya mai yawa;
• Ciwon kai;
• Dos murdede;
• Zazzabi da sanyi;
• Hadin gwiwa.

Wadannan cututtukan suna kama da sauran alluran rigakafi, gami da alurar rigakafin mura, misali.

Yayin da yawan mutane ke ƙaruwa, ana sa ran cewa munanan halayen da ba su dace ba, irin su halayen anaphylactic, za su bayyana, musamman a cikin mutanen da suka fi kula da wasu abubuwan da ake amfani da su.

Wanene bai kamata ya sami allurar ba

Alurar rigakafin akan COVID-19 bai kamata a yi wa mutanen da ke da tarihin halayen rashin lafiyan da ke tattare da cutarwa ga ɗayan abubuwan da ke cikin allurar ba. Bugu da kari, allurar rigakafin ya kamata kuma a yi ta bayan likita ya kimanta ta a game da yara 'yan kasa da shekaru 16, mata masu ciki da mata masu shayarwa.

Marasa lafiya da ke amfani da rigakafin rigakafi ko waɗanda ke da cututtukan ƙwayar cuta ya kamata a yi musu allurar rigakafi kawai a ƙarƙashin kulawar likitan da ke kula da su.

Gwada ilimin ku

Gwada ilimin ku game da allurar rigakafin COVID-19 kuma ku tsaya a saman bayanin wasu tatsuniyoyin da aka fi sani:

• 1
• 2
• 3
• 4
• 5
• 6

Alurar rigakafin COVID-19: gwada ilimin ku!

Fara gwajin An kirkiro rigakafin cikin sauri, saboda haka ba zai iya zama lafiya ba.

• Gaskiya. Alurar rigakafin ta haɓaka cikin sauri kuma ba duk sanannun sakamako aka sani ba tukuna.
• Karya. An kirkiro rigakafin da sauri amma an sha gwaje-gwaje masu tsauri da yawa, wanda ke ba da tabbacin amincin sa.

Alurar rigakafin tana cikin haɗarin haifar da matsaloli masu tsanani, kamar su autism ko rashin haihuwa.

• Gaskiya. Akwai rahotanni da yawa na mutanen da suka ci gaba da rikitarwa bayan shan maganin.
• Karya. A mafi yawan lokuta, allurar rigakafin tana haifar da lahani ne kawai, kamar ciwo a wurin allurar, zazzabi, gajiya da ciwon tsoka, waɗanda ke ɓacewa a fewan kwanaki.

Duk wanda ya sha COVID-19 shima yana buƙatar a yi masa allurar.

• Gaskiya. Alurar riga kafi ga COVID-19 ya kamata a yi ta duk mutane, har ma da waɗanda suka riga sun kamu da cutar.
• Karya. Duk wanda ya kamu da cutar COVID-19 yana da kariya daga kwayar cutar kuma baya buƙatar yin rigakafin.

Alurar riga-kafi ta shekara-shekara ta mura ba ta kariya daga COVID-19.

• Gaskiya. Alurar riga-kafi ta shekara-shekara tana kare ne kawai daga kamuwa da cutar mura.
• Karya. Alurar rigakafin ta mura tana karewa daga nau'o'in ƙwayoyin cuta, ciki har da sabon kwayar cutar corona.

Wadanda suka yi rigakafin ba sa bukatar daukar wasu matakan kariya, kamar su wanke hannu ko sanya abin rufe fuska.

• Gaskiya. Daga lokacin da aka yi rigakafin, babu hatsarin kamuwa da cutar, ko kuma yada shi, kuma babu wani karin kulawa da ya zama dole.
• Karya. Kariyar da allurar rigakafin ke bayarwa na ɗaukar fewan kwanaki kaɗan don bayyana bayan ƙoshin ƙarshe. Bugu da kari, kiyaye kulawa na taimakawa kaucewa yada kwayar cutar ga wasu wadanda ba a riga an yi musu rigakafin ba.

Alurar rigakafin ta COVID-19 na iya haifar da cuta bayan an yi ta.

• Gaskiya. Wasu alluran rigakafin COVID-19 suna ɗauke da ƙananan gutsuttsarin ƙwayar cuta wanda zai iya kawo ƙarshen haifar da kamuwa da cutar, musamman ga mutanen da ke da rauni a garkuwar jiki.
• Karya. Hatta allurar rigakafin da ke amfani da gutsuttsurar ƙwayoyin cuta, suna amfani da wani nau'i wanda ba shi da tasiri wanda ba zai iya haifar da kowane irin cuta a jiki ba.

Na Gaba Gaba