Malaria

Malaria cuta ce ta parasitic da ke tattare da zazzaɓi mai zafi, girgiza sanyi, alamomin kamuwa da mura, da ƙarancin jini.

Kwayar cuta mai saurin kamuwa da zazzabin malaria. Ana yada shi ga mutane ta cizon sauro anopheles mai cutar. Bayan kamuwa da cuta, kwayoyin cutar (wadanda ake kira sporozoites) suna bi ta hanyoyin jini zuwa hanta. A can, suka balaga kuma suka sake wani nau'in ƙwayoyin cuta, wanda ake kira merozoites. Kwayoyin parasites sun shiga cikin jini kuma suna cutar da jajayen ƙwayoyin jini.

Kwayoyin parasites suna ninka cikin ƙwayoyin jinin jini. Kwayoyin suna buɗewa a tsakanin awanni 48 zuwa 72 kuma su kamu da ƙarin jajayen ƙwayoyin jini. Alamomin farko suna faruwa ne kwanaki 10 zuwa makonni 4 bayan kamuwa da cutar, kodayake suna iya bayyana a farkon kwanaki 8 ko kuma tsawon shekara guda bayan kamuwa da cutar. Kwayar cututtukan suna faruwa a cikin hawan keke na 48 zuwa 72 hours.

Yawancin bayyanar cututtuka suna faruwa ne ta hanyar:

• Sakin merozoites a cikin jini
• Ruwan jini sakamakon lalata jajayen ƙwayoyin jini
• Ana sakin babban haemoglobin kyauta zuwa wurare dabam dabam bayan jajayen ƙwayoyin jini sun buɗe

Hakanan ana iya daukar kwayar cutar zazzabin cizon sauro daga uwa zuwa ga jaririn da ke cikin ta (ta hanyar haihuwa) da kuma karin jini. Sauro na iya daukar sauro a cikin yanayi mai yanayi, amma cutar ta ɓace a lokacin hunturu.

Cutar babbar matsala ce ta kiwon lafiya a yawancin yankuna masu zafi da na subtropic. Cibiyoyin Kula da Rigakafin Cututtuka sun kiyasta cewa akwai masu cutar zazzabin cizon sauro miliyan 300 zuwa 500 a kowace shekara. Fiye da mutane miliyan 1 suka mutu. Malaria babbar cuta ce ga matafiya zuwa yanayi mai dumi.

A wasu yankuna na duniya, sauro da ke ɗauke da zazzaɓin cizon sauro ya sami juriya ga magungunan ƙwari. Bugu da kari, kwayoyin cutar sun ci gaba da jure wasu kwayoyin cuta. Wadannan sharuda sun sanya ya zama da wuya a iya magance yawan kamuwa da cutar da yaduwarta.

Kwayar cutar sun hada da:

• Anemia (yanayin da jiki ba shi da isasshen ƙwayoyin jan jini)
• Kujerun jini
• Jin sanyi, zazzabi, zufa
• Coma
• Vunƙwasawa
• Ciwon kai
• Jaundice
• Ciwon tsoka
• Tashin zuciya da amai

Yayin gwajin jiki, mai ba da kiwon lafiya na iya nemo kumburin hanta ko faɗaɗa saifa.

Gwajin da aka yi sun hada da:

• Gwajin gwajin saurin, wanda ke zama gama gari saboda sun fi saukin amfani kuma suna buƙatar ƙarancin horo daga ƙwararrun masu aikin gwaje-gwaje
• An sha jinin malaria a tsakanin sa'o'i 6 zuwa 12 don tabbatar da cutar
• Cikakken lissafin jini (CBC) zai gano karancin jini idan yana nan

Zazzabin cizon sauro, musamman malariyar zazzabin cizon sauro, na gaggawa ne na likita wanda ke buƙatar zaman asibiti. Chloroquine galibi ana amfani dashi azaman maganin zazzaɓin cizon sauro. Amma cututtukan da ke jure wa chloroquine sun zama ruwan dare a wasu sassan duniya.

Yiwuwar jiyya ga cututtukan da ke jure wa chloroquine sun haɗa da:

• Hadin kayan Artemisinin, gami da artemether da lumefantrine
• Atovaquone-proguanil
• Tsarin Quinine, a hade tare da doxycycline ko clindamycin
• Mefloquine, a hade tare da artesunate ko doxycycline

Zabin magani ya dogara, a wani ɓangare, kan inda kuka kamu da cutar.

Ana iya buƙatar kulawa ta likita, gami da ruwaye ta jijiya (IV) da sauran magunguna da kuma taimakon numfashi (na numfashi).

Ana tsammanin sakamakon zai zama mai kyau a mafi yawan lokuta na zazzabin cizon sauro tare da magani, amma talauci a cikin cututtukan falciparum tare da rikitarwa.

Matsalolin kiwon lafiya waɗanda za a iya haifar da zazzabin cizon sauro sun haɗa da:

• Brain kamuwa da cuta (cerebritis)
• Rushewar ƙwayoyin jini (anemia hemolytic)
• Rashin koda
• Rashin hanta
• Cutar sankarau
• Rashin numfashi daga ruwa a cikin huhu (huhu na huhu)
• Fashewar sifa wanda ke haifar da zubar jini na ciki (zubar jini)

Kira ga likitocin ku idan kun sami zazzabi da ciwon kai bayan ziyartar kowace ƙasa.

Mafi yawan mutanen da ke zaune a wuraren da ake kamuwa da cutar zazzabin cizon sauro sun kasance suna da kariya ga cutar. Baƙi ba za su sami kariya ba kuma ya kamata su sha magungunan rigakafi.

Yana da mahimmanci a ga likitan lafiyar ku sosai kafin tafiyar ku. Wannan saboda kulawa na iya buƙatar farawa muddin makonni 2 kafin tafiya zuwa yankin, kuma ci gaba na tsawon wata guda bayan kun bar yankin. Yawancin matafiya daga Amurka waɗanda ke kamuwa da cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro sun kasa ɗaukar matakan da suka dace.

Nau'ikan magungunan zazzabin cizon sauro da aka tsara sun dogara da yankin da ka ziyarta. Matafiya zuwa Kudancin Amurka, Afirka, yankin Indiya, Asiya, da Kudancin Fasifik yakamata su ɗauki ɗayan magunguna masu zuwa: mefloquine, doxycycline, chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine ko atovaquone-proguanil. Hatta mata masu juna biyu ya kamata suyi la'akari da shan magungunan rigakafin saboda haɗarin da tayi ga ɗan tayi daga maganin bai kai haɗarin kamuwa da wannan cutar ba.

Chloroquine ya kasance maganin da aka zaba don kariya daga zazzabin cizon sauro. Amma saboda juriya, yanzu ana ba da shawarar kawai don amfani a yankunan inda Plasmodium vivax, P oval, da P malariae suna nan.

Cutar zazzabin cizon sauro na Falciparum tana kara zama mai jurewa ga magungunan zazzabin cizon sauro Magungunan da aka ba da shawarar sun hada da mefloquine, atovaquone / proguanil (Malarone), da doxycycline.

Hana cizon sauro ta:

• Sanya tufafi masu kariya a hannu da ƙafafunka
• Amfani da gidan sauro yayin bacci
• Yin amfani da maganin kwari

Don bayani kan zazzabin cizon sauro da magungunan rigakafi, ziyarci gidan yanar gizon CDC: www.cdc.gov/malaria/travelers/index.html.

Quartan malaria; Falciparum malaria; Zazzabin Biduoterian; Zazzabin Blackwater; Maleriyar Tertian; Plasmodium

• Zazzabin cizon sauro - kallon ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta
• Sauro, babba yana ciyar da fata
• Sauro, igiyar kwai
• Sauro - larvae
• Sauro, pupa
• Zazzabin cizon sauro, kallon microscopic na cututtukan salula
• Malaria, photomicrograph na cututtukan salula
• Malaria

Ansong D, Seydel KB, Taylor TE. Malaria. A cikin: Ryan ET, Hill DR, Solomon T, Aronson NE, Endy TP, eds. Magungunan Hunter na Yankin Yanayi da Cututtuka. 10 ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020: babi na 101.

Fairhurst RM, Wellems TE. Zazzabin cizon sauro (jinsunan plasmodium). A cikin: Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ, eds. Mandell, Douglas, da Ka'idojin Bennett da Aiwatar da Cututtukan Cutar. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020: babi na 274.

Freedman YI. Kare matafiya. A cikin: Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ, eds. Mandell, Douglas, da Ka'idojin Bennett da Aiwatar da Cututtukan Cutar. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020: babi na 318.