Canjin tsufa a cikin gabobi, kyallen takarda, da ƙwayoyin halitta

Dukkanin gabobi masu mahimmanci zasu fara rasa aiki yayin da kake tsufa yayin balaga. Canje-canje na tsufa na faruwa a cikin dukkanin ƙwayoyin jiki, kyallen takarda, da gabobin jiki, kuma waɗannan canje-canje suna shafar aikin dukkan tsarin jiki.

Naman mai rai ya kunshi sel. Akwai sel iri daban-daban, amma duk suna da tsari iri daya. Naman suna yadudduka ne na ire-iren kwayoyin halitta masu kama da aikinsu. Nau'ikan kyallen takarda daban daban suna haduwa don samar da gabobi.

Akwai nau'ikan nau'ikan nama guda hudu:

Kayan haɗin kai yana tallafawa wasu kyallen takarda kuma yana ɗaure su wuri ɗaya. Wannan ya hada da kashi, jini, da kyallen lymph, da kuma kyallen takarda wadanda ke ba da tallafi da tsari ga fata da gabobin ciki.

Kwayar epithelial yana ba da sutura don ɗakunan saman jiki da zurfi. Fata da abin da ke shimfiɗa na hanyoyin cikin jiki, kamar su tsarin ciki, an yi su ne da kayan ciki na epithelial.

Naman tsoka ya hada da nau'in nama guda uku:

• Tsokoki masu motsi, kamar waɗanda ke motsa kwarangwal (wanda ake kira tsoka na son rai)
• M tsokoki (wanda kuma ake kira tsoka da son rai), kamar su tsokoki da ke cikin ciki da sauran gabobin ciki
• Muscle na zuciya, wanda ke haifar da mafi yawan bangon zuciya (kuma tsoka ce mara izini)

Naman nama ya kunshi ƙwayoyin jijiyoyi (neurons) kuma ana amfani dashi don isar da saƙo zuwa ko daga sassa daban-daban na jiki. Brainwaƙwalwa, jijiyoyi, da jijiyoyi na gefe an yi su ne da jijiyoyin nama.

SAUYIN CIGABA

Sel sune asalin tubalin ginin kyallen takarda. Duk ƙwayoyin suna fuskantar canje-canje tare da tsufa. Sun zama manya kuma sun kasa iya rarrabuwa da ninkawa. Daga cikin wasu canje-canje, akwai ƙaruwar launuka da abubuwa masu ƙanshi a cikin tantanin halitta (lipids). Yawancin kwayoyin halitta sun rasa ikon yin aiki, ko kuma sun fara aiki ba daidai ba.

Yayin da tsufa ke ci gaba, kayayyakin ɓarnatar suna haɗuwa a cikin nama. Launin mai ruwan kasa mai mai mai suna lipofuscin yana tattarawa a cikin kyallen takarda da yawa, kamar sauran kayan mai.

Canje-canjen kayan haɗin kai, sun zama masu ƙarfi. Wannan yana sa gabobi, jijiyoyin jini, da hanyoyin iska su zama masu tsauri. Membranes na sel suna canzawa, da yawa kyallen takarda suna da matsala game da samun iskar oxygen da abubuwan gina jiki, da cire carbon dioxide da sauran sharar gida.

Yawancin kyallen takarda suna rasa nauyi. Ana kiran wannan tsari atrophy. Wasu kyallen takarda suna zama dunƙule (nodular) ko ƙari.

Saboda canjin ƙwayoyin halitta da nama, gabban jikinku kuma suna canzawa yayin da kuka tsufa. Gabobin tsufa a hankali sukan rasa aiki. Yawancin mutane ba sa lura da wannan asarar nan da nan, domin da wuya ku yi amfani da gabobinku gwargwadon ƙarfinsu.

Gabobi suna da ikon ajiya don yin aiki sama da bukatun yau da kullun. Misali, zuciyar dan shekara 20 tana iya yin jini kusan sau 10 yawan jinin da ake bukata don kiyaye jiki da rai. Bayan shekaru 30, ana asarar kimanin 1% na wannan ajiyar kowace shekara.

Babban canje-canje a ajiyar gabobi yana faruwa a cikin zuciya, huhu, da koda. Adadin ajiyar da aka rasa ya bambanta tsakanin mutane da tsakanin gabobi daban-daban a cikin mutum ɗaya.

Waɗannan canje-canje suna bayyana a hankali kuma cikin dogon lokaci. Lokacin da gabobin ke aiki fiye da yadda aka saba, maiyuwa bazai iya kara aiki ba. Ba zato ba tsammani gazawar zuciya ko wasu matsaloli na iya haɓaka yayin da jiki ke aiki fiye da yadda aka saba. Abubuwan da ke haifar da ƙarin aiki (damuwa na jiki) sun haɗa da masu zuwa:

• Rashin lafiya
• Magunguna
• Canje-canje masu mahimmanci na rayuwa
• Ba zato ba tsammani ya ƙaru da buƙatun jiki akan jiki, kamar canjin aiki ko ɗaukar hoto zuwa mafi tsayi

Asarar ajiya kuma yana sa ya zama da wahala a maido da daidaito a cikin jiki. Ana cire ƙwayoyi daga jiki ta ƙoda da hanta a hankali a hankali. Ana iya buƙatar ƙananan allurai na magunguna, kuma sakamakon illa ya zama gama gari. Saukewa daga cututtuka ba safai 100% ba, wanda ke haifar da ƙara rashin nakasa.

Sakamakon sakamako na magani na iya yin kama da alamun cututtuka da yawa, don haka yana da sauƙi a kuskuren kuskuren maganin ƙwayoyi don rashin lafiya. Wasu magunguna suna da tasiri daban-daban na tsofaffi fiye da na matasa.

KA'IDAR tsufa

Babu wanda ya san yadda da dalilin da yasa mutane suke canzawa yayin da suka tsufa. Wasu ra'ayoyin sunyi iƙirarin cewa tsufa yana faruwa ne sakamakon raunin da ya samu daga hasken ultraviolet akan lokaci, sanyawa da tsagewa a jiki, ko abubuwan da ke haifar da kumburi. Sauran ra'ayoyin suna kallon tsufa a matsayin tsararren tsari wanda kwayoyin halitta ke sarrafawa.

Babu wani tsari guda daya da zai iya bayanin duk canje-canjen tsufa. Tsufa wata aba ce mai rikitarwa wacce ta sha bamban game da yadda take shafar mutane daban-daban har ma da gabobi daban-daban. Yawancin masana ilimin geronto (mutanen da ke nazarin tsufa) suna jin cewa tsufa yana faruwa ne saboda hulɗar yawancin tasirin rayuwa. Wadannan tasirin sun hada da gado, muhalli, al'ada, abinci, motsa jiki da shakatawa, cututtukan da suka gabata, da sauran dalilai.

Ba kamar canje-canje na samartaka ba, waɗanda ake iya hangowa a cikin fewan shekaru kaɗan, kowane mutum yana da shekaru daidai da girmansa. Wasu tsarin suna fara tsufa tun suna shekaru 30. Sauran hanyoyin tsufa basu zama gama gari ba har zuwa daga baya a rayuwa.

Kodayake wasu canje-canje koyaushe suna faruwa tare da tsufa, suna faruwa ne a ƙima daban-daban da kuma abubuwa daban-daban. Babu wata hanyar da za a yi hasashen ainihin yadda za ku tsufa.

SHARUDAN DA ZASU BAYYANA NAU'O'IN SALON SAURARA

Atrophy:

• Kwayoyin suna raguwa. Idan isassun kwayoyin sun rage girma, gaba dayan sassan jikinsu basa yarda. Wannan sau da yawa sauyin al'ada ne na al'ada kuma yana iya faruwa a cikin kowane nama. Yawanci galibi a cikin jijiyoyin kwarangwal, zuciya, kwakwalwa, da gabobin jima'i (kamar ƙirji da ƙwai). Kasusuwa suna zama sirara kuma zasu iya karya da ƙananan rauni.
• Dalilin atrophy ba a san shi ba, amma na iya haɗawa da rage amfani, rage aiki, rage yawan jini ko abinci mai gina jiki ga ƙwayoyin, da rage kuzari ta jijiyoyi ko hormones.

Hawan jini:

• Kwayoyin suka kara girma. Wannan yana faruwa ne ta karuwar sunadarai a cikin kwayar halitta da tsarin kwayar halitta, ba karuwa a ruwan kwayar ba.
• Lokacin da wasu kwayoyin halitta suke atrophy, wasu kuma suna iya hawan jini don gyara asarar kwayar halitta.

Hyperplasia:

• Yawan sel yana ƙaruwa. Akwai karuwar rashi na kwayar halitta.
• Hyperplasia yawanci yakan faru ne don rama asarar sel. Yana bawa wasu gabobi da kyallen takarda damar farfadowa, gami da fata, rufin hanji, hanta, da ɓacin kashi. Hanta yana da kyau musamman a farfaɗowa. Zai iya maye gurbin har zuwa 70% na tsarinta a cikin makonni 2 bayan rauni.
• Nama wadanda basuda karfin sake halitta sun hada da kashi, guringuntsi, da tsoka mai santsi (kamar tsokoki a kusa da hanji). Nama wadanda da wuya ko ba su sake farfadowa ba sun hada da jijiyoyi, jijiyoyin kasusuwa, jijiyoyin zuciya, da tabarau na ido. Lokacin da aka ji rauni, ana maye gurbin waɗannan kyallen takarda da tabon nama.

Dysplasia:

• Girman, sifa, ko tsarin ƙwayoyin halitta da suka manyanta sun zama marasa kyau. Wannan kuma ana kiransa atypical hyperplasia.
• Dysplasia sanannen abu ne a cikin ƙwayoyin mahaifa da kuma rufin sashin numfashi.

Neoplasia:

• Samuwar ciwace-ciwace, ko dai na cutar kansa (na cutar kansa) ko na rashin lafiya (mara kyau).
• Kwayoyin Neoplastic galibi suna haihuwa da sauri. Mayila suna da siffofi da ba a saba gani ba da aiki mara kyau.

Yayin da kuka girma, zaku sami canje-canje a jikin ku, gami da canje-canje a cikin:

• Tsarin Hormone
• Rigakafi
• Fata
• Barci
• Kasusuwa, tsokoki, da haɗin gwiwa
• Nonuwan
• Fuska
• Tsarin haihuwa na mata
• Zuciya da jijiyoyin jini
• Kodan
• Huhu
• Tsarin haihuwar namiji
• Tsarin juyayi

• Nau'in nama

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Cikakken HM, Rockwood K, Young J, eds. Littafin karatun Brocklehurst na Magungunan Geriatric da Gerontology. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2017.

Walston JD. Tsarin asibiti na yau da kullun na tsufa. A cikin: Goldman L, Schafer Al, eds. Magungunan Goldman-Cecil. 26th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020: babi na 22.