Bacteriophage: menene menene, yadda za'a gano da kuma rawanin rayuwa (lytic da lysogenic)

Wadatacce

• Halaye na kwayoyin cuta
• Yaya zai faru da motsa jiki da motsa jiki
• Zagayen Lytic
• Lysogenic sake zagayowar
• Menene farjin farji

Bacteriophages, wanda aka fi sani da suna phages, ƙungiya ce ta ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke iya kamuwa da haɓaka a cikin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta kuma waɗanda idan sun tafi, inganta ɓarnarsu.

Kwayoyin cuta suna cikin yanayi da yawa, kuma ana iya keɓance su daga ruwa, ƙasa, kayayyakin abinci har ma da wasu ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta. Kodayake hakan na iya kasancewa a cikin jiki, galibi a cikin fata, a cikin ramin baka, cikin huhu da cikin tsarin fitsari da hanji, kwayoyin cutar ba sa haifar da cututtuka ko canje-canje a jikin mutum, saboda suna da fifiko ga prokaryotic kwayoyin halitta, watau, ƙananan ƙwayoyin halitta sun haɓaka, kamar ƙwayoyin cuta.

Bugu da kari, suna iya ta da martani na garkuwar jiki, ta yadda ba za su iya aiki a kan kananan halittun da ke da alhakin gudanar da kwayar da kyau ba, baya ga samun takamaiman bayanai dangane da mahalarta, wato, kwayoyin cuta masu saurin cuta . Don haka, ba a lalata ƙwayoyin da suke ɓangaren microbiome saboda kyakkyawar alaƙar da aka kafa tsakanin ƙwayoyin cuta da na rigakafi.

Halaye na kwayoyin cuta

Bacteriophages ƙwayoyin cuta ne waɗanda za a iya samun su a wurare daban-daban, haɗe da jikin mutum, duk da haka ba sa haifar da canje-canje ko cututtuka ba saboda ba su da takamaiman ƙwayoyin jikin da ke cikin jiki. Sauran halaye na bacteriophage sune:

• An kafa su ne ta hanyar kapsid, wanda wani tsari ne wanda sunadarai suka samar wadanda aikinsu shine kare kayan kwayar cutar;
• Suna iya samun nau'ikan nau'ikan kayan kwayar halitta, kamar su DNA madaidaiciya, DNA guda ɗaya ko RNA;
• Baya ga samun damar bambance-bambancen ta fuskar kayan halittar su, ana iya bambance kwayar halittar ta tsarin capsid;
• Ba za su iya ninka a wajen mai gida ba, ma’ana, suna buƙatar saduwa da kwayar ƙwayoyin cuta don kwafin ya faru, kuma saboda wannan dalili ana iya kiransu da “ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙwayoyin cuta”;
• Suna da cikakkun bayanai na musamman ga mai masaukin, wadanda sune kwayoyin kwayar cuta.

Har ila yau ana nazarin rarrabewar kwayoyin cuta, amma, wasu kaddarorin na iya zama da amfani don bambance-bambancen da kuma rarrabewar kwayoyin cuta, kamar nau'in kayan halittar gado, ilimin halittar jiki, halayyar halittar jini da halayyar sinadarai ta jiki.

Yaya zai faru da motsa jiki da motsa jiki

Hanyoyin motsa jiki da na lysogenic sune sake zagayowar yaduwar kwayar halittar lokacin da suke mu'amala da kwayar kwayar cutar kuma ana iya banbanta su gwargwadon halin kwayar cutar.

Zagayen Lytic

Zagayen wasan kwaya daya ne wanda bayan sanya allurar kwayoyin halittar cikin kwayar halittar kwayar halitta, kwafi da samuwar sabbin kwayoyin halittar na faruwa, wanda idan suka tafi sai ya lalata kwayar kwayar. Don haka, gabaɗaya, sake zagayowar yana faruwa kamar haka:

1. Talla kwayar cutar tana manne da membrane na kwayar cutar kwayar cutar mai saurin kamuwa ta hanyar masu karbar membrane;
2. Shigarwa ko shigar azzakari cikin farji: kayan kwayar halittar kwayar cuta sun shiga kwayar kwayar cuta;
3. Maimaitawa: wannan kayan kwayar halitta tana daidaita hada sunadarai da sauran kwayoyin halittar DNA, idan kwayar halittar DNA ce;
4. Hawa: an kirkiro sabbin kwayoyin cuta kuma an shirya kwayar halittar DNA tare da taimakon sunadaran da aka hada, wanda ke haifar da kapsid;
5. Lise: kwayar halittar da ke cikin kwayar cuta tana barin kwayar cutar, tana inganta lalata shi.

Lysogenic sake zagayowar

A cikin zagayowar lysogenic, kwayoyin halittar kwayoyin cuta an sanya su cikin na kwayar, amma wannan aikin na iya wakiltar kawai yin shiru na kwayoyin cuta na kwayar cutar, ban da kasancewa tsari mai juyawa. Wannan sake zagayowar yana faruwa kamar haka:

1. Talla kwayoyin adsorbs zuwa ga membrane na kwayar cuta;
2. Input: kayan kwayar halittar kwayar cuta sun shiga kwayar cutar;
3. Hadewa: akwai hadewar kwayar halittar kwayar halittar kwayar halitta da ta kwayar cutar, wanda aka shahara da sunan profago;
4. Rabo: abin da aka sake hadewa, farfago, ya kasu gwargwadon yanayin kwayan.

Progus din baya aiki, ma'ana, ba a bayyana kwayoyin halittar sa kuma, sabili da haka, baya haifar da canje-canje mara kyau ga kwayoyin cuta kuma hanya ce mai saurin juyawa.

Saboda gaskiyar cewa kwayoyin cuta suna mu'amala da kayan kwayar halitta kuma suna iya inganta lalacewarta, ana iya amfani da waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin binciken don ƙirƙirar sabbin dabaru don yaƙi da ƙwayoyin cuta masu saurin jurewa.

Menene farjin farji

Maganin Phage, wanda aka fi sani da farji, wani nau'in magani ne wanda ke amfani da ƙwayoyin cuta don yaƙar cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta, musamman waɗanda ke haifar da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta. Wannan nau'in magani yana da aminci, tunda kwayoyin cuta suna aiki ne kawai akan kwayoyin cuta, suna kiyaye microbiota na mutum.

Kodayake an bayyana irin wannan maganin tsawon shekaru, amma yanzu ne yake samun daukaka a cikin wallafe-wallafen saboda karuwar yawan kwayoyin cuta da ba sa karbar magani na yau da kullum tare da maganin rigakafi.

Koyaya, kodayake fasaha ce mai dacewa, maganin farji yana da iyakancewa. Kowane irin kwayoyin cuta yana da takamaiman wata kwayar cuta, don haka ba za a iya amfani da wadannan bangarorin a kebe ba don yaki da cututtukan da kananan kwayoyin ke haifar ba, amma a wannan yanayin ana iya samar da "phage cocktail" bisa ga kananan kwayoyin da aka gano suna da alhakin kamuwa da cutar . Bugu da kari, galibi saboda zagayowar lysogenic, bacteriophages na iya inganta sauya jigilar kwayoyin juriya zuwa kwayar, wanda ke ba da magani mara tasiri.