Tsarin rigakafi: menene shi da yadda yake aiki

Wadatacce

• Kwayoyin tsarin na rigakafi
• Yadda yake aiki
• Nwaƙwalwa ko amsawar halitta
• Daidaitawa ko karɓaɓɓiyar amsawa
• Menene antigens da antibodies
• Nau'in rigakafi
• Alurar riga kafi
• Alurar riga kafi
• Yadda ake karfafa garkuwar jiki

Tsarin rigakafi, ko tsarin garkuwar jiki, jerin gabobi ne, kyallen takarda da ƙwayoyin halitta waɗanda ke da alhakin yaƙar ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, don haka hana ci gaban cututtuka. Bugu da kari, yana da alhakin inganta daidaituwar kwayar halitta daga hadewar martani na sel da kwayoyin da aka samar a matsayin martani ga kwayoyin cuta.

Hanya mafi kyawu don ƙarfafa tsarin garkuwar jiki da mayar da martani mai kyau ga mamaye ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta shine ta hanyar cin abinci da aikata kyawawan halaye. Bugu da kari, yana da mahimmanci a gudanar da allurar riga-kafi, musamman ma a matsayin yaro, don zaburar da samar da kwayoyin cuta da kuma hana yaro ci gaba da cututtukan da ka iya kawo cikas ga ci gaban su, kamar cutar shan inna, wanda kuma ake kira inna ta inna, wanda za a iya kiyaye shi ta hanyar rigakafin VIP. San lokacin da za a sami rigakafin cutar shan inna

Kwayoyin tsarin na rigakafi

Maganin rigakafin yana shiga tsakani ne ta hanyar kwayoyin da ke da alhakin yakar cututtuka, leukocytes, waɗanda ke inganta lafiyar kwayar halitta da mutum. Leukocytes za a iya raba shi cikin kwayoyin polymorphonuclear da mononuclear, kowane rukuni yana da wasu nau'ikan kwayoyin kariya a cikin jiki wadanda suke aiwatar da ayyuka daban-daban. Kwayoyin da ke jikin garkuwar jiki sune:

• Lymphocytes, waxannan su ne kwayoyin da yawanci ake canza su yayin kamuwa da cuta, tunda yana tabbatar da takamaiman abin da ya shafi garkuwar jiki. Akwai lymphocytes iri uku, B, T da Mai kisan kai (NK), waɗanda ke yin ayyuka daban-daban;
• Monocytes, cewa suna yawo a cikin jini na ɗan lokaci kuma ana iya banbanta su cikin macrophages, waɗanda ke da mahimmanci don yaƙar mai cutar da kwayar cutar;
• Neutrophils, wanda ke kewaya cikin manyan abubuwa kuma shine farkon wanda ya gano kuma yayi aiki da cutar;
• Eosinophils, waɗanda ke yawo a cikin ƙarami kaɗan a cikin jini, amma suna daɗa ƙwazo a yayin halayen rashin lafiyan ko idan ana cutar parasitic, na kwayan cuta ko fungal;
• Basophils, wanda kuma kewaya a cikin ƙananan ƙananan, amma na iya ƙaruwa saboda rashin lafiyan jiki ko ƙonewa mai tsawo.

Daga lokacin da wani baƙon jiki da / ko kwayar cuta mai cutar ta shiga cikin jiki, ana kunna ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta kuma suyi aiki tare tare da manufar yaƙi da wakilin da ya saɓa. Learnara koyo game da leukocytes.

Yadda yake aiki

Tsarin rigakafi yana da alhakin kare jiki daga kowane irin cuta. Don haka, lokacin da wata kwayar cuta ta mamaye kwayoyin, tsarin garkuwar jiki na iya gano wannan kwayar cutar da kunna hanyoyin kariya don yakar kamuwa da cuta.

Tsarin rigakafi ya ƙunshi manyan nau'ikan amsa guda biyu: amsawar rigakafin cikin gida, wanda shine layin farko na jiki, da kuma amsawa na rigakafi, wanda yafi takamaiman kuma an kunna shi lokacin da amsar farko bata aiki ba ko kuma bai isa ba .

Nwaƙwalwa ko amsawar halitta

Amsar amsawa ta asali ko ta asali shine layin farko na kwayoyin, kasancewar suna cikin mutane tun haihuwa. Da zaran invan ƙwayoyin cuta suka mamaye ƙwayoyin halitta, wannan layin na tsaro yana da kuzari, ana nuna shi da saurinsa da ɗan takamammen bayani.

Irin wannan rigakafin ya kunshi:

• Matakan jiki, waxanda suke fata, gashi da gamsai, suna da alhakin hana ko jinkirta shigar da baƙon jikin a cikin jiki;
• Rikodin ilimin lissafi, kamar su sinadarin acid na ciki, zafin jiki da cytokines, wadanda ke hana kwayar halittar da ke mamayewa ci gaba a cikin jiki, baya ga inganta kawar da ita;
• Shingen salula, wanda ya ƙunshi ƙwayoyin da aka ɗauka azaman layin farko na tsaro, waɗanda sune neutrophils, macrophages da NK lymphocytes, masu alhakin kewaye da kwayar cutar da haɓaka halakarta.

Saboda ingancin tsarin garkuwar jiki, cututtuka ba sa faruwa koyaushe, kuma ana saurin kawar da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta. Koyaya, idan rigakafin halitta bai isa ba don yaƙar ƙwayoyin cuta, ana ƙarfafa rigakafin daidaitawa.

Daidaitawa ko karɓaɓɓiyar amsawa

Kariyar da aka samu ko daidaitawa, duk da kasancewa layi na biyu na kariya ga kwayoyin, yana da mahimmancin gaske, tunda da ita ne ake samar da ƙwayoyin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, suna hana kamuwa daga ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta daga faruwa ko kuma, idan sun yi, sun zama masu sauƙi.

Bugu da ƙari da haɓaka ƙwayoyin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, amsawar rigakafin daidaitawa, kodayake yana ɗaukar tsayi kafin a kafa, ya fi takamaiman bayani, tunda yana iya gano takamaiman halaye na kowane ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta kuma, don haka, haifar da martani na rigakafi.

Wannan nau'in rigakafin yana kunne ta hanyar tuntuɓar masu kamuwa da cuta kuma yana da nau'i biyu:

• Rikicin rigakafi, wanda shine amsar da aka sanya ta hanyar rigakafi wanda aka samar da nau'in B lymphocytes;
• Rigakafin salula, wanda shine martani na rigakafi wanda aka sanya tsakanin T-type lymphocytes, wanda ke inganta lalata microorganism ko mutuwar ƙwayoyin cuta, tunda wannan nau'in rigakafin yana tasowa lokacin da kwayar cutar ta rayu ta rigakafi na asali da na izgili, ta zama ba za a iya zuwa ga kwayoyin cuta ba. Ara koyo game da lymphocytes.

Baya ga rigakafi mai raɗaɗi da na salula, za a iya rarraba amsar rigakafin daidaitawa a matsayin mai aiki, lokacin da aka samu ta hanyar allurar rigakafi, misali, ko wuce gona da iri, lokacin da ya zo daga wani mutum, kamar ta hanyar shayarwa, wanda za a iya ɗaukar kwayar cutar daga uwa. zuwa jariri

Menene antigens da antibodies

Domin tsarin garkuwar jiki ya amsa, ana bukatar antigens da antibodies. Antigens abubuwa ne da zasu iya haifar da martani na rigakafi, kasancewar takamaiman kowace microorganism, kuma hakan yana ɗaura kai tsaye zuwa lymphocyte ko antibody don samar da martani na rigakafi, wanda hakan yakan haifar da lalata ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta kuma, don haka, ƙarshen kamuwa da cuta.

Kwayoyin cuta sunadarai ne masu kamannin Y wadanda ke da alhakin kare jiki daga kamuwa da cututtuka, ana samar da su ne sakamakon wani ƙaramin ƙwayar cuta. Ana iya samun kwayoyin cuta, wadanda kuma ake kira immunoglobulins, ta hanyar shayarwa, wanda yake batun IgA ne, ko da a lokacin daukar ciki, a batun IgG, ko kuma a samar da shi saboda amsa rashin lafiyar, a game da IgE.

Dangane da cututtuka, IgM shine antibody da aka fara samarwa.Yayinda aka kafa kamuwa da cuta, jiki yana farawa don samar da IgG wanda, banda yaƙi da kamuwa da cuta, ya kasance yana zagayawa, ana ɗaukarsa memba na ƙwaƙwalwa. Learnara koyo game da IgG da IgM.

Nau'in rigakafi

Rigakafin rigakafi ya dace da tsarin jiki na inganta kariya daga wasu ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, waɗanda za a iya samu ta hanyar ɗabi'a ko kuma ta hanyar kere kere, kamar yadda yake game da allurar rigakafi, misali.

Alurar riga kafi

Yin rigakafin aiki shine wanda aka samu ta hanyar allurar rigakafi ko kuma saboda tuntuɓar wakilin wata cuta, yana motsa tsarin rigakafi da haifar da shi don samar da ƙwayoyin cuta.

Allurar riga-kafi na aiki na iya haifar da ƙwaƙwalwa, wato, lokacin da jiki ya sake saduwa da wakilin da ke haifar da wata cuta, jiki ya gane kuma ya yaƙi wakilin da ke shigowa, ya hana mutum daga kamuwa da cutar ko kuma ya kamu da ita sosai. Don haka, wannan nau'in amsar na daɗe, duk da cewa yana ɗaukar lokaci kafin a kafa ta, wato, nan da nan bayan an fallasa shi ga wakilin cutarwa, babu saurin samar da amsa ta rigakafin da ta dace. Tsarin rigakafi yana ɗaukar lokaci don aiwatarwa da haɗakar wannan bayanin.

Bayyanar yanayi ga mai cutar wata hanya ce ta samun rigakafin aiki. Bugu da kari, yana da mahimmanci don samun rigakafin aiki ba bisa ka'ida ba, wanda shine ta hanyar allurar rigakafi, don haka hana kamuwa da cutar nan gaba. A cikin allurar rigakafin, ana ba mutum mataccen ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta ko kuma rage ayyukansa domin haɓaka ƙwayoyin garkuwar jiki don gane ƙwayar cuta da ƙirƙirar rigakafi da ita. Duba menene manyan alluran rigakafi da kuma lokacin da ya kamata a sha su.

Alurar riga kafi

Rigakafin wucewa yana faruwa yayin da mutum ya sami ƙwayoyin cuta wanda wani mutum ko dabba suka samar. Irin wannan rigakafin ana samunsa ne ta hanyar shigewar immunoglobulins, akasarin nau'ikan IgG (antibody), ta wurin mahaifa, wato, ta hanyar kai tsaye daga uwa zuwa jariri.

Hakanan ana iya samun rigakafin wuce gona da iri, ta hanyar allurar rigakafi daga wasu mutane ko dabbobi, kamar yadda yake game da cizon maciji, alal misali, a cikin wanda ake ɗiba daga dafin macijin sannan a ba mutum kai tsaye. Koyi game da taimakon gaggawa don saran maciji.

Irin wannan rigakafin yana haifar da saurin ba da kariya, amma ba ya dawwama kamar yadda lamarin yake tare da rigakafin aiki.

Yadda ake karfafa garkuwar jiki

Don inganta tsarin rigakafi, yana da mahimmanci a ɗauki halaye masu kyau na rayuwa, kamar motsa jiki na yau da kullun da daidaitaccen abinci, tare da abinci mai wadataccen bitamin C, selenium da tutiya. Duba irin abincin da zasu iya karfafa garkuwar jiki.

Duba sauran nasihu don inganta garkuwar ku: