Tetrachromacy ('Super Vision')

Wadatacce

• Tetrachromacy da rashin ƙarfi
• Sanadin tetrachromacy
• Gwaje-gwajen da aka yi amfani dasu don tantance tetrachromacy
• Tetrachromacy a cikin labarai

Menene tetrachromacy?

Shin kun taɓa jin labarin sanduna da cones daga ajin kimiyya ko likitan ido? Abubuwa ne a idanunku wadanda suke taimaka muku ganin haske da launuka. Suna cikin kwayar ido. Wancan shine siririn nama a bayan ƙwallon ido kusa da jijiyar gani.

Sanduna da mazugi suna da mahimmanci ga gani. Sanduna suna da saurin haske kuma suna da mahimmanci don ba ku damar gani a cikin duhu. Cones suna da alhakin ba ku damar ganin launuka.

Yawancin mutane, da sauran birai kamar gorillas, orangutans, da chimpanzees har ma da wasu, kawai suna ganin launi ne ta hanyar nau'ikan cones iri uku. An san wannan tsarin gani na launi kamar trichromacy ("launuka uku").

Amma wasu shaidu sun wanzu cewa akwai mutanen da suke da hanyoyin fahimtar launi kala hudu. Wannan an san shi da tetrachromacy.

Tetrachromacy ana tsammanin yana da wuya a tsakanin mutane. Bincike ya nuna cewa ya fi yawa a cikin mata fiye da na maza. Wani binciken da aka gudanar a shekara ta 2010 ya nuna cewa kusan kashi 12 cikin dari na mata na iya samun wannan hanyar fahimtar launi kala hudu.

Maza ba su da yiwuwar zama tetrachromats. Mazaje sunfi yuwuwar zama makauniyar launi ko rashin fahimtar launuka da yawa kamar mata. Wannan shi ne saboda rashin daidaito na gado a cikin cones.

Bari mu kara sani game da yadda tetrachromacy ke haduwa da hangen nesan trichromatic, abin da ke haifar da tetrachromacy, da kuma yadda zaku iya gano idan kuna da shi.

Tetrachromacy da rashin ƙarfi

Mutum na al'ada yana da nau'ikan mazugi iri uku a kusa da kwayar ido wanda zai baka damar ganin launuka daban-daban akan bakan:

• gajeren-kalaman (S) Cones: kula da launuka tare da gajeren zango, kamar shunayya da shuɗi
• tsakiyar-kalaman (M) Cones: kula da launuka tare da matsakaiciyar tsayi, kamar rawaya da kore
• dogon-kalaman (L) Cones: kula da launuka tare da dogayen tsayi, kamar su ja da lemu

Wannan sananne ne da ka'idar trichromacy. Photopigments a cikin wadannan nau'ikan nau'ikan cones guda uku suna ba ku damar fahimtar cikakken launi.

Ana yin hotunan hoto ne daga furotin da ake kira opsin da kuma wani ƙirar da ke saukin haske. Ana kiran wannan kwayar a matsayin tiyatar baya 11-cis. Daban-daban na hotunan hoto suna amsawa ga wasu tsayin igiyoyin launuka waɗanda suke da laushi. Wannan yana haifar da ikon ku na fahimtar waɗancan launuka.

Tetrachromats suna da nau'in mazugi na huɗu wanda yake ɗauke da hoton hoto wanda ke ba da damar fahimtar ƙarin launuka waɗanda ba su kasance a kan yanayin da ake gani ba. An fi sani da bakan ROY G. BIV (Rshirya, Yaiyaka, Ymara kyau, Green, BLue, Nindigo, da kuma Violet)

Kasancewar wannan ƙarin hoton hoto na iya bawa tetrachromat damar ganin ƙarin daki-daki ko iri-iri a cikin bakan da ake gani. Wannan shi ake kira ka'idar tetrachromacy.

Duk da yake trichromats na iya ganin kusan launuka miliyan 1, tetrachromats na iya ganin launuka miliyan 100 masu ban mamaki, a cewar Jay Neitz, PhD, farfesa a likitan ido a Jami'ar Washington, wanda ya karanci hangen nesa sosai.

Sanadin tetrachromacy

Ga yadda tsinkayenku yake yawanci aiki:

1. Ana daukar ido daga cikin dalibin zuwa haske. Wannan shine budewa a gaban idonka.
2. Haske da launi suna tafiya ta cikin tabarau na idanunku kuma sun zama ɓangare na hoto mai mahimmanci.
3. Cones suna juya haske da bayanin launi zuwa sigina daban uku: ja, kore, da shuɗi.
4. Wadannan nau'ikan sakonni guda uku ana aika su zuwa kwakwalwa kuma ana sarrafa su cikin fahimtar abin da kake gani.

Typicalan adam na yau da kullun yana da nau'ikan mazugi iri uku waɗanda suka rarraba bayanan launi na gani zuwa alamun ja, kore, da shuɗi. Wadannan sakonni sannan za'a iya hada su cikin kwakwalwa zuwa wani sakon gani na duka.

Tetrachromats suna da nau'ikan nau'ikan mazugi wanda ke ba su damar ganin launuka na huɗu. Yana faruwa ne daga maye gurbi. Kuma lallai akwai kyakkyawan dalili na kwayar halitta wanda yasa tetrachromats zasu iya zama mata. Canjin yanayin tetrachromacy ana wuce shi ne kawai ta cikin kwayar halittar X.

Mata suna samun chromosomes X biyu, ɗaya daga mahaifiyarsu (XX) ɗaya kuma daga mahaifinsu (XY). Sun fi yiwuwa su gaji maye gurbin maye gurbi daga duk kwarorin halittar X. Maza suna samun kwayar X kawai. Maye gurbi nasu yawanci yakan haifar da ɓacin rai ko makantar launi. Wannan yana nufin cewa ko dai M ko L cones ɗinsu basu hango launuka masu dacewa ba.

Uwa ko 'yar wani da ke da mummunan rikici na iya zama tetrachromat. Ofayan chromosomes ɗinta na iya ɗaukar ƙwayoyin M da L na al'ada. Likelyayan yana ɗauke da kwayoyin L na yau da kullun tare da maye gurbin L wanda ya wuce ta uba ko ɗa tare da ɓacin rai.

Ofaya daga cikin wadannan chromosomes din X a karshe an kunna su don cigaban kwayoyin mazugi a cikin kwayar ido. Wannan yana sa kwayar ido ta samar da kwayoyi masu kama da hudu saboda nau'ikan kwayoyin X da ake samu daga mahaifiya da uba.

Wasu nau'ikan, gami da mutane, kawai basa buƙatar tetrachromacy don kowane dalili na juyin halitta. Sun kusan rasa iya aiki kwata-kwata. A wasu jinsunan, tetrachromacy duk game da rayuwa ne.

Yawancin jinsunan tsuntsaye, kamar su, suna buƙatar tetrachromacy don neman abinci ko zaɓi abokin aure. Kuma dangantakar da ke tsakanin wasu kwari da furanni sun sa tsirrai sun bunkasa. Wannan, bi da bi, ya sa kwari canzawa don ganin waɗannan launuka. Wannan hanyar, sun san ainihin shuke-shuke da za a zaɓa don pollination.

Gwaje-gwajen da aka yi amfani dasu don tantance tetrachromacy

Yana iya zama ƙalubale ka san ko kai tetrachromat ne idan ba a taɓa gwada ka ba. Kuna iya ɗaukar ikon ku don ganin ƙarin launuka kyauta saboda ba ku da wani tsarin gani da zai kwatanta naku.

Hanya ta farko don gano matsayin ku shine ta hanyar gwajin kwayar halitta. Cikakken bayanan halittar mutum zai iya samun maye gurbi akan kwayoyin halittar ku wanda zai iya haifar da cones na hudu. Gwajin kwayoyin halittar iyayenku kuma zai iya samo rikidar halittar da aka baku.

Amma ta yaya zaka san idan kana iya banbanta karin launuka da wannan mazugi?

A nan ne bincike ya zo cikin sauki. Akwai hanyoyi da yawa da zaku iya gano idan kun kasance tetrachromat.

Gwajin daidaita launi shine gwaji mafi mahimmanci don tetrachromacy. Ya tafi kamar haka a cikin yanayin binciken bincike:

1. Masu bincike suna gabatar da mahalarta binciken tare da hadewar launuka biyu wadanda zasuyi daidai da na trichromats amma daban yake da tetrachromats.
2. Mahalarta suna kimantawa daga 1 zuwa 10 yadda kusanɗin waɗannan cakuda suke kama da juna.
3. Ana bai wa mahalarta nau'ikan nau'ikan cakuda launuka iri ɗaya a wani lokaci daban, ba tare da an gaya musu cewa haɗuwa iri ɗaya ce ba, don ganin ko amsoshinsu sun canza ko sun kasance iri ɗaya.

Gaskiya tetrachromats za su kimanta waɗannan launuka iri ɗaya ne a kowane lokaci, ma'ana zahiri suna iya bambancewa tsakanin launukan da aka gabatar a cikin ma'auratan biyu.

Trichromats na iya kimanta cakuda launuka iri ɗaya daban a lokuta daban-daban, ma'ana cewa kawai suna zaɓar lambobin bazuwar.

Lura cewa duk wani gwaji na kan layi wanda yake da'awar iya gano tetrachromacy yakamata a kusanceshi da tsananin shakku. A cewar masu binciken na Jami’ar Newcastle, iyakokin nuna launi a kan allon kwamfuta ya sa gwajin yanar gizo ba zai yiwu ba.

Tetrachromacy a cikin labarai

Tetrachromats ba safai ba, amma wani lokacin suna yin manyan raƙuman watsa labarai.

Wani batun a cikin 2010 Journal of Vision binciken, wanda aka sani kawai da cDa29, yana da cikakken hangen nesa na huɗu. Ba ta yi kuskure ba a cikin gwajin launuka masu dacewa, kuma amsoshinta suna da sauri sosai.

Ita ce mutum ta farko da kimiyya ta tabbatar da kasancewar tetrachromacy. Labarai da yawa daga kafofin watsa labarai na kimiyya sun karbo labarinta, kamar su mujallar Discover.

A cikin 2014, mai zane-zane da tetrachromat Concetta Antico sun ba da fasaharta da abubuwan da ta samu tare da Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Burtaniya (BBC). A cikin kalmomin ta, tetrachromacy na ba ta damar gani, misali, “mara laushi gray [as] lemu, rawaya, shuke-shuke, shuɗi, da ruwan hoda.”

Duk da yake damar da kuke da ita na zama tetrachromat na iya zama kadan, wadannan labaran suna nuna yadda wannan rakancin ya ci gaba da ba mu sha'awa wadanda muke da hangen nesa irin su uku.