HIV / AIDs

Kwayar cutar kanjamau (HIV) ita ce kwayar da ke haifar da cutar kanjamau. Lokacin da mutum ya kamu da kwayar HIV, kwayar cutar na kaiwa da raunana garkuwar jiki. Yayinda garkuwar jiki ta yi rauni, mutum na cikin hatsarin kamuwa da cututtukan rayuwa da kuma cutar kansa. Idan hakan ta faru, ana kiran rashin lafiyar cutar kanjamau. Da zarar mutum ya kamu da kwayar cutar, sai ya zauna a cikin jiki tsawon rai.

Kwayar cutar tana yaduwa (daukar kwayar cutar) mutum-zuwa-mutum ta wasu ruwan jiki:

• Jini
• Maniyyi da ruwan tsufa
• Ruwa na hanji
• Ruwan Farji
• Ruwan nono

Ana iya yada kwayar cutar HIV idan wadannan ruwan sun hadu da:

• Coan bakin ciki (na cikin bakin, azzakari, farji, dubura)
• Lalacewar nama (nama da aka yanka ko aka goge)
• Allura a cikin rafin jini

Ba za a iya yada kwayar cutar HIV ta zuffa, yau, ko fitsari ba.

A Amurka, HIV yafi yaduwa:

• Ta hanyar jima'i ta farji ko dubura tare da wanda ke dauke da kwayar cutar HIV ba tare da amfani da kwaroron roba ba ko kuma ba ya shan magunguna don hana ko magance cutar ta HIV
• Ta hanyar raba allura ko wasu kayan aiki da ake amfani da su wajen allurar kwayoyi tare da wanda ke da ƙwayar HIV

Kadan sau da yawa, HIV yana yaduwa:

• Daga uwa zuwa yaro. Mace mai juna biyu na iya yada kwayar cutar ga mahaifarta ta hanyar yaduwar jininsu, ko kuma mai shayarwa na iya ba da shi ga jaririnta ta madarar nono. Gwaji da jinyar mata masu ɗauke da kwayar cutar ta HIV ya taimaka rage yawan jariran da ke kamuwa da kwayar ta HIV.
• Ta hanyar allurai na allura ko wasu abubuwa masu kaifi wadanda suka gurbace da kwayar HIV (galibi ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya).

Ba a yada kwayar cutar ta:

• Saduwa ta yau da kullun, kamar runguma ko sumbatar bakinta
• Sauro ko dabbobin gida
• Kasancewa cikin wasanni
• Shafar abubuwan da mutumin da ya kamu da cutar ya taɓa su
• Cin abincin da mai cutar HIV ke gudanarwa

HIV da jini ko gudummawar sassan jiki:

• HIV ba ya yaduwa ga mutumin da ya ba da gudummawar jini ko gabobi. Mutanen da ke ba da gudummawar gabobi ba sa cikin ma'amala kai tsaye da mutanen da suka karɓa. Hakanan, mutumin da yake ba da gudummawar jini ba ya taɓa yin mu'amala da mai karɓar. A duk waɗannan hanyoyin, ana amfani da allurai marasa amfani da kayan aiki.
• Duk da yake ba safai ake samun sa ba, a baya cutar ta HIV ta yadu zuwa ga mutumin da ke karbar jini ko gabobi daga mai bayarwa mai cutar. Koyaya, wannan haɗarin yana da ƙananan saboda bankunan jini da shirye-shiryen masu ba da gudummawa suna bincika masu ba da taimako (jini), jini, da kyallen takarda.

Abubuwan haɗarin kamuwa da kwayar cutar HIV sun haɗa da:

• Samun jima'i mara lafiya ta dubura ko farji. Jima'i na tsuliya shine mafi haɗari. Samun abokan tarayya da yawa yana ƙara haɗarin. Amfani da sabon robar roba daidai lokacin da kuka yi jima'i yana taimakawa rage wannan haɗarin.
• Yin amfani da kwayoyi da raba allurai ko sirinji.
• Samun abokin jima'i tare da HIV wanda baya shan magungunan HIV.
• Samun cututtukan da ake ɗauka ta hanyar jima'i (STD)

Kwayar cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da kamuwa da ƙwayar HIV mai saurin gaske (lokacin da mutum ya fara kamuwa) na iya zama kama da mura ko wasu cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta. Sun hada da:

• Zazzabi da ciwon tsoka
• Ciwon kai
• Ciwon wuya
• Zufar dare
• Ciwon baki, gami da cutar yisti (thrush)
• Kumburin lymph gland
• Gudawa

Mutane da yawa ba su da alamun bayyanar lokacin da suka fara kamuwa da cutar HIV.

Cutar HIV mai saurin kamuwa yana ci gaba sama da weeksan makonni zuwa watanni don zama kamuwa da cutar kanjamau (babu alamun alamun). Wannan matakin na iya daukar shekaru 10 ko fiye. A wannan lokacin, mutumin ba shi da wani dalili da zai yi tsammanin suna da cutar HIV, amma za su iya yada cutar ga wasu.

Idan ba a magance su ba, kusan dukkan mutanen da ke dauke da kwayar cutar HIV za su kamu da cutar kanjamau. Wasu mutane suna kamuwa da cutar kanjamau cikin fewan shekaru kaɗan bayan kamuwa da cutar. Wasu kuma suna cikin cikakkiyar lafiya bayan shekaru 10 ko ma shekaru 20 (wanda ake kira marasa tsawan lokaci).

Mutanen da ke da cutar kanjamau cutar HIV ta lalata garkuwar jikinsu. Suna cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cututtukan da ba kasafai ake samun su ba a cikin mutane masu garkuwar jiki. Wadannan cututtukan ana kiran su cututtukan dama. Waɗannan na iya faruwa ne ta hanyar ƙwayoyin cuta, ƙwayoyin cuta, fungi, ko protozoa, kuma suna iya shafar kowane ɓangare na jiki. Mutanen da ke ɗauke da cutar kanjamau suma suna cikin haɗarin kamuwa da wasu cututtukan kansa, musamman ƙwayoyin cuta da kuma cutar kansa wanda ake kira Kaposi sarcoma.

Kwayar cutar ta dogara da takamaiman kamuwa da cuta kuma wane sashi na jiki ne ya kamu. Cututtukan huhu sanannu ne a cikin cutar kanjamau kuma galibi suna haifar da tari, zazzabi, da kuma rashin numfashi. Cututtukan hanji suma na kowa ne kuma suna iya haifar da gudawa, ciwon ciki, amai, ko matsalolin haɗiye. Rage nauyi, zazzabi, zufa, rashes, da kumburin lymph gland sune na kowa ga mutanen da ke ɗauke da ƙwayar HIV da AIDS.

Akwai gwaje-gwajen da ake yi don bincika ko kun kamu da cutar.

GWAJIN BAYANAI

Gabaɗaya, gwaji tsari ne mai matakai 2:

• Gwajin gwaji - Akwai nau'ikan gwaje-gwaje da yawa. Wasu gwajin jini ne, wasu kuma gwajin ruwa ne na baki. Suna bincika rigakafin cutar HIV, antigen, ko duka biyun. Wasu gwaje-gwajen binciken na iya ba da sakamako a cikin minti 30 ko ƙasa da haka.
• Gwajin biyo baya - Wannan ana kiransa gwajin tabbatarwa. Ana yin hakan sau da yawa lokacin gwajin gwajin tabbatacce ne.

Ana samun gwajin gida don yin gwajin cutar kanjamau. Idan kun shirya amfani da ɗaya, bincika don tabbatar da cewa FDA ta amince da shi. Bi umarnin kan marufin don tabbatar da sakamakon ya zama daidai yadda ya kamata.

Cibiyoyin Kula da Rigakafin Cututtuka (CDC) sun ba da shawarar cewa duk mai shekaru 15 zuwa 65 ya yi gwajin cutar kanjamau. Mutanen da ke da halayen haɗari ya kamata a gwada su a kai a kai. Mata masu juna biyu suma ya kamata ayi musu gwajin.

JARABAWA BAYAN AN GANO SU DA CUTAR HIV

Mutane masu cutar kanjamau yawanci suna yin gwajin jini akai-akai don bincika ƙididdigar ƙwayoyin CD4:

• Kwayoyin CD4 T sune ƙwayoyin jinin da HIV ke kaiwa. Ana kuma kiran su ƙwayoyin T4 ko "ƙwayoyin T masu taimako."
• Yayinda kwayar cutar HIV ke lalata garkuwar jiki, adadin CD4 ya ragu. Adadin CD4 na yau da kullun daga 500 zuwa 1,500 sel / mm³ na jini.
• Mutane galibi suna kamuwa da alamomin ne yayin da adadin CD4 ɗinsu ya faɗi ƙasa da 350. complicationsarin rikitarwa mafi girma yana faruwa idan ƙidayar CD4 ta faɗo zuwa 200. Lokacin da ƙidayar ta ƙasa da 200, ana cewa mutum yana da AIDS.

Sauran gwaje-gwaje sun haɗa da:

• Halin HIV RNA, ko kuma kwayar cuta, don bincika yawan HIV a cikin jini
• Gwajin juriya don ganin ko kwayar tana da wasu canje-canje a tsarin kwayar halitta wanda zai haifar da juriya ga magungunan da ake amfani da su don magance cutar HIV
• Cikakken adadin jini, sunadarai na jini, da gwajin fitsari
• Gwaje-gwaje don sauran cututtukan da ake ɗauka ta hanyar jima'i
• Gwajin tarin fuka
• Pap shafa don bincika kansar mahaifa
• Anal Pap shafa don bincika kansar cikin dubura

Ana magance cutar kanjamau tare da magungunan da ke dakatar da kwayar cutar ta yawaita. Wannan magani ana kiransa maganin rigakafin cutar (ART).

A baya, mutanen da ke dauke da kwayar cutar HIV za su fara maganin rigakafin cutar bayan ƙididdigar su ta CD4 ta ragu ko kuma sun kamu da cutar ta HIV. A yau, an ba da shawarar maganin kanjamau ga duk mutanen da ke dauke da kwayar cutar HIV, koda kuwa adadin CD4 ɗinsu na al'ada ne.

Ana buƙatar gwaje-gwajen jini na yau da kullun don tabbatar da matakin ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin jini (ƙwayoyin cuta) ya zama ƙasa ko an danneta. Manufar magani ita ce a rage kwayar cutar kanjamau a cikin jini zuwa matakin da ya yi kasa sosai ta yadda gwajin ba zai iya gano shi ba. Wannan ana kiran sa nauyin kwayar cuta da ba a iya gano shi.

Idan lissafin CD4 ya riga ya ragu kafin fara farawa, yawanci a hankali zai hau sama. Rikicin HIV yakan ɓace yayin da garkuwar jiki ta murmure.

Kasancewa cikin ƙungiyar tallafi inda membobinta ke raba abubuwan gogewa da matsaloli sau da yawa na iya taimakawa sauƙaƙa damuwar motsin rai na ciwon rashin lafiya na dogon lokaci.

Tare da magani, yawancin mutanen da ke ɗauke da kwayar cutar HIV / AIDs na iya rayuwa cikin ƙoshin lafiya da rayuwa ta yau da kullun.

Jiyya na yanzu baya warkar da cutar. Magunguna suna aiki kawai muddin ana shan su kowace rana. Idan an tsayar da magungunan, nauyin kwayar cutar zai hau kuma adadin CD4 zai ragu. Idan ba a sha magunguna ba a kai a kai, kwayar cutar na iya zama mai jure wa ɗaya ko fiye da magungunan, kuma maganin zai daina aiki.

Mutanen da ke kan magani suna buƙatar ganin masu ba da kiwon lafiya a kai a kai. Wannan don tabbatar da cewa magungunan suna aiki da kuma bincika illolin magungunan.

Kira don alƙawari tare da mai ba da sabis idan kuna da wasu dalilai masu haɗarin kamuwa da kwayar HIV. Har ila yau tuntuɓi mai ba ku sabis idan kun ci gaba da alamun cutar kanjamau. A bisa doka, dole ne sakamakon binciken HIV ya zama na sirri (na sirri). Mai ba ku sabis zai sake nazarin sakamakon gwajin ku tare da ku.

Rigakafin HIV / AIDS:

• Yi gwaji. Mutanen da ba su san suna da kwayar cutar HIV ba kuma waɗanda suke kallo kuma suke da lafiya suna iya watsa shi ga wasu.
• KADA KA yi amfani da magunguna ba bisa doka ba kuma kada ka raba allurai ko sirinji. Yawancin al'ummomi suna da shirye-shiryen musayar allura inda zaku iya kawar da sirinjin da kuka yi amfani dasu ku sami sababbi, bakararre. Ma'aikatan waɗannan shirye-shiryen na iya tura ku don maganin jaraba.
• Guji haɗuwa da jinin wani. Idan za ta yiwu, sa kayan kariya, abin rufe fuska, da tabarau yayin kula da mutanen da suka ji rauni.
• Idan kayi gwajin kwayar cutar kanjamau, zaka iya yada kwayar cutar ga wasu. Kada ku ba da gudummawar jini, jini, gabobin jiki, ko maniyyi.
• Matan da ke dauke da kwayar cutar HIV wadanda za su iya daukar ciki ya kamata su yi magana da mai ba da su game da hadarin ga dan da ke cikin su. Ya kamata kuma su tattauna hanyoyin da za a bi don hana jaririn kamuwa da cutar, kamar shan magungunan rage kaifin cutar a lokacin daukar ciki.
• Ya kamata a guji shayar da nono don hana daukar kwayar cutar HIV ga jarirai ta madarar mama.

Ayyukan jima'i mafi aminci, kamar yin amfani da kwaroron roba na roba, suna da tasiri wajen hana yaɗuwar cutar HIV. Amma har yanzu akwai yiwuwar kamuwa da cutar, koda tare da amfani da kwaroron roba (alal misali, kwaroron roba na iya tsagewa).

A cikin mutanen da ba su kamu da kwayar ba, amma suna cikin haɗarin kamuwa da ita, shan magani irin su Truvada (emtricitabine da tenofovir disoproxil fumarate) ko Descovy (emtricitabine da tenofovir alafenamide) na iya taimakawa rigakafin kamuwa da cutar. An san wannan maganin azaman kamuwa da cutar, ko PrEP. Yi magana da mai ba ka idan kana tunanin PrEP na iya zama daidai a gare ka.

Masu dauke da kwayar cutar HIV wadanda ke shan magungunan rage kaifin cutar kuma ba su da kwayar cuta a cikin jinin su ba sa yada kwayar.

Samun jinin Amurka yana cikin mafi aminci a duniya. Kusan duk mutanen da suka kamu da kwayar cutar HIV ta hanyar karɓar jini sun karɓi waɗannan ƙarin kafin 1985, shekarar da aka fara gwajin cutar ta HIV don duk jinin da aka bayar.

Idan ka yi imani ka kamu da cutar ta HIV, nemi likita nan take. KADA KA jinkirta. Fara magungunan rigakafin rigakafin bayan kamuwa (har zuwa kwanaki 3 bayan) na iya rage damar kamuwa da ku. Wannan ana kiran sa prophylaxis bayan fallasawa (PEP). An yi amfani dashi don hana yaduwa a cikin ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya da suka sami rauni ta hanyar allura.

Cutar kanjamau; Kamuwa da cuta - HIV; Kwayar cuta ta rashin kariya ta mutum; Ciwon rashin rashi na rigakafi: HIV-1

• Abincin abinci na yau da kullun - matsalolin yara
• Gastrostomy ciyar da bututu - bolus
• Jejunostomy yana ciyar da bututu
• Mucositis na baka - kulawa da kai

• STDs da mahalli
• HIV
• Cutar HIV ta farko
• Canker ciwon (aphthous ulcer)
• Mycobacterium marinum kamuwa da cuta a hannu
• Dermatitis - seborrheic akan fuska
• Cutar kanjamau
• Kaposi sarcoma - kusa-kusa
• Tarihi, yadawa a cikin mai cutar HIV
• Molluscum a kirji
• Kaposi sarcoma a baya
• Sarcoma na Kaposi a cinya
• Molluscum contagiosum akan fuska
• Antibodies
• Tarin fuka a cikin huhu
• Kaposi sarcoma - rauni a ƙafa
• Kaposi sarcoma - perianal
• Herpes zoster (shingles) wanda aka watsa
• Dermatitis seborrheic - kusa-kusa

Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka da Rigakafin yanar gizo. Game da HIV / AIDS. www.cdc.gov/hiv/basics/whatishiv.html. An sake nazarin Nuwamba 3, 2020. An shiga Nuwamba 11, 2020.

Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka da Rigakafin yanar gizo. Fashin kai. www.cdc.gov/hiv/basics/prep.html. An sake nazarin Nuwamba 3, 2020. An shiga Afrilu 15, 2019. DiNenno EA, Prejean J, Irwin K, et al. Shawarwari game da cutar kanjamau na gay, bisexual, da sauran mazan da suka yi jima'i da maza - Amurka, 2017. MMWR Morb Mutuwa Wkly Rep. 2017; 66 (31): 830-832. www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/66/wr/mm6631a3.htm.

Gulick RM. Magungunan rigakafin cutar kanjamau na ƙarancin ƙwayar ƙarancin ɗan adam da rashin ciwo na rashin ƙarfi. A cikin: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Magungunan Goldman-Cecil. 26th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020: babi na 364.

Moyer VA; Tasungiyar Ayyuka na Rigakafin Amurka. Nunawa game da HIV: Bayanin shawarwarin Forceungiyar Servicesungiyar Ayyuka na Rigakafin Amurka. Ann Intern Med. 2013; 159 (1): 51-60. PMID: 23698354 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23698354/.

Reitz MS, Gallo RC. Virwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta na ɗan adam. A cikin: Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ, eds. Mandell, Douglas, da Ka'idojin Bennett da Aiwatar da Cututtukan Cutar. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020: babi na 169.

Simonetti F, Dewar R, Maldarelli F. Ganewar cutar kamuwa da ƙwayar cuta ta ɗan adam. A cikin: Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ, eds. Mandell, Douglas, da Ka'idojin Bennett da Aiwatar da Cututtukan Cutar. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020: babi na 120.

Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiya ta Amurka da Ayyukan Dan Adam, Yanar gizo Info.gov. Sharuɗɗa don amfani da magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin manya da matasa masu fama da cutar HIV. clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/guidelines/adult-and-adolescent-arv/whats-new-guidelines?view=full. An sabunta Yuli 10, 2019. An shiga Nuwamba 11, 2020.

Verma A, Berger JR. Bayyanannun cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta na ɗan adam a cikin manya. A cikin: Daroff RB, Jankovic J, Mazziotta JC, Pomeroy SL, eds. Bradley's Neurology a cikin Clinical Practice. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2016: babi na 77.