Neurosciences

Neurosciences (ko na asibiti neurosciences) yana nufin reshen magani wanda ke mai da hankali kan tsarin juyayi. Tsarin juyayi ya kasance daga sassa biyu:

• Tsarin juyayi na tsakiya (CNS) ya ƙunshi kwakwalwar ku da ƙashin baya.
• Tsarin jijiyoyin jiki sun hada da dukkan jijiyoyin ku, gami da tsarin juyayi na kashin kai, a waje da kwakwalwa da lakar kashin baya, gami da wadanda ke hannuwanku, kafafu, da gangar jikin ku.

Tare, kwakwalwar ku da kashin bayan ku suna aiki a matsayin babban "cibiyar sarrafawa" ga dukkan tsarin juyayi, kuma suke sarrafa dukkan ayyukan jikin ku.

Yawancin yanayi daban-daban na likita na iya shafar tsarin mai juyayi, gami da:

• Rikicin jijiyoyin jini a cikin kwakwalwa, gami da nakasawar jijiyoyin jiki da maimaitawar jijiyoyin jiki
• Tumor, mara kyau da mummunan (ciwon daji)
• Cututtuka masu lalata, ciki har da cutar Alzheimer da cutar Parkinson
• Rikicin gland na pituitary
• Farfadiya
• Ciwon kai, gami da ciwon kai
• Raunin kai irin su rikicewa da raunin ƙwaƙwalwa
• Rikicin motsi, kamar rawar jiki da cutar Parkinson
• Cututtukan da ke lalata jiki kamar su sclerosis da yawa
• Cututtukan Neuro-ophthalmologic, waɗanda matsalolin hangen nesa ne waɗanda ke haifar da lalacewar jijiyar gani ko haɗin ta da kwakwalwa
• Cututtukan jijiyoyin jiki (neuropathy), waɗanda ke shafar jijiyoyin da ke ɗauke da bayanai zuwa da daga kwakwalwa da laka
• Rashin hankali, kamar schizophrenia
• Rashin lafiyar Spine
• Cututtuka, kamar su sankarau
• Buguwa

GANO DA GWAJI

Masana ilimin jijiyoyin jiki da sauran kwararru masu nazarin jijiyoyin jiki suna amfani da gwaje-gwaje na musamman da dabarun daukar hoto don ganin yadda jijiyoyi da kwakwalwa ke aiki.

Baya ga gwajin jini da na fitsari, gwaje-gwajen da aka yi don gano cututtukan tsarin jijiyoyi na iya haɗawa da:

• Lissafin lissafi (CT scan)
• Lumbar huda (taɓawa ta kashin baya) don bincika kamuwa da cuta daga jijiyar wuya da ƙwaƙwalwa, ko don auna matsa lamba na ƙwayar ƙwayar jijiya (CSF)
• Hanyoyin fuska ta maganadisu (MRI) ko angiography na maganadisu (MRA)
• Electroencephalography (EEG) don kallon aikin kwakwalwa
• Electromyography (EMG) don gwada jijiya da tsoka aiki
• Electronystagmography (ENG) don bincika motsin ido mara kyau, wanda zai iya zama alamar rashin lafiyar kwakwalwa
• Abubuwan da aka zana (ko amsawa), wanda ke kallon yadda kwakwalwa ke amsa sauti, gani, da taɓawa
• Girma (MEG)
• Myelogram na kashin baya don gano rauni na jijiya
• Gwajin saurin tafiyar da jijiyoyin jiki (NCV)
• Gwajin neurocognitive (gwajin neuropsychological)
• Polysomnogram don ganin yadda kwakwalwa ke aiki yayin bacci
• Phoididdigar ƙwayar photon guda ɗaya da aka ƙididdige tomography (SPECT) da positron emission tomography (PET) don duba aikin ƙwaƙwalwar kwakwalwa
• Biopsy na kwakwalwa, jijiya, fata, ko tsoka don sanin ko akwai matsala tare da tsarin juyayi

MAGANI

Neuroradiology reshe ne na ilimin likitancin jijiyoyi wanda ke mai da hankali kan bincikowa da magance matsalolin tsarin damuwa.

Neuroradiology mai rikitarwa ya haɗa da shigar da ƙananan, tubes masu sassauƙa da ake kira catheters a cikin jijiyoyin jini da ke kaiwa zuwa kwakwalwa. Wannan yana bawa likita damar magance cututtukan jijiyoyin jini da zasu iya shafar tsarin jijiyoyi, kamar bugun jini.

Magungunan neuroradiology na tsoma baki sun haɗa da:

• Balaloon angioplasty da stent na carotid ko vertebral jijiya
• Ndoaddamar da jijiyoyin jijiyoyin jiki da haɗuwa don magance cututtukan kwakwalwa
• Hanyar maganin cikin gida don bugun jini
• Radiation oncology na kwakwalwa da kashin baya
• Biopsies na allura, kashin baya da kyallen takarda
• Kyphoplasty da vertebroplasty don magance cututtukan kashin baya

Za'a iya buƙatar buɗewar tiyata ko al'adar gargajiya a wasu yanayi don magance matsaloli a cikin kwakwalwa da tsarin kewaye. Wannan wani aikin tiyata ne mai saurin hadari wanda yake bukatar likitan yayi budewa, wanda ake kira craniotomy, a cikin kwanyar.

Microsurgery yana bawa likita damar yin aiki akan ƙananan sifofin cikin kwakwalwa ta amfani da microscope da ƙananan kayan aiki, madaidaici.

Ana iya buƙatar yin aikin tiyata na stereotactic don wasu nau'ikan rikice-rikicen tsarin damuwa. Wannan wani nau'i ne na maganin fuka-fuka wanda yake mai da hankali akan x rayukan da suke da ƙarfi a wani ƙaramin yanki na jiki, don haka gujewa lalacewar abin da ke kewaye da kwakwalwar.

Hakanan jiyya na cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da rikice-rikice na iya haɗawa da:

• Magunguna, mai yuwuwa ana ba da fanfon kwayoyi (kamar waɗanda ake amfani da su ga mutanen da ke fama da ciwo mai tsoka)
• Deepara ƙarfin kwakwalwa
• Cordarfafa igiya
• Gyarawa / farfadowa na jiki bayan raunin kwakwalwa ko bugun jini
• Yin aikin tiyata

WAYE YA SHAFE SHI

Medicalungiyar likitancin ƙwaƙwalwa galibi ta ƙunshi masu ba da sabis na kiwon lafiya daga fannoni daban-daban. Wannan na iya haɗawa da:

• Neurologist - likita ne wanda ya sami ƙarin horo game da maganin ƙwaƙwalwa da rikicewar tsarin damuwa
• Likita na jiji - likita wanda ya sami ƙarin horo game da tiyata na rikicewar jijiyoyin jini
• Neurosurgeon - likita ne wanda ya sami ƙarin horo a cikin kwakwalwa da tiyatar kashin baya
• Neuropsychologist - likita ne na musamman da aka horar da shi wajen gudanarwa da fassarar gwaje-gwaje na aikin fahimtar kwakwalwa
• Likita mai zafi - likita ne wanda ya sami horo kan kula da rikitarwa tare da hanyoyin da magunguna
• Masanin ƙwaƙwalwa - likita ne wanda ke kula da cutar halayyar kwakwalwa da magunguna
• Masanin ilimin halin dan Adam - likita ne wanda ke kula da yanayin halayyar kwakwalwa tare da maganin magana
• Radiologist - likita ne wanda ya sami ƙarin horo kan fassara hotunan likita da aiwatar da hanyoyi daban-daban ta amfani da fasahar hoto musamman don magance ƙwaƙwalwa da rikicewar tsarin.
• Neuroscientist - mutumin da yayi bincike akan tsarin juyayi
• Ma'aikatan Nurse (NPs)
• Mataimakan likita (PAs)
• Masana ilimin abinci mai gina jiki ko masu cin abinci
• Likitocin kula da lafiya na farko
• Masu kwantar da hankali na jiki, waɗanda ke taimakawa tare da motsi, ƙarfi, daidaitawa, da sassauƙa
• Magungunan kwantar da hankali na sana'a, waɗanda ke taimakawa sa mutane suyi aiki sosai a cikin gida da kuma aiki
• Masu ba da lafazin magana, waɗanda ke taimakawa da magana, yare, da fahimta

Wannan jeri ba duka bane.

Daroff RB, Jankovic J, Mazziotta JC, Pomeroy SL. Ganewar asali na cututtukan jijiyoyin jiki. A cikin: Daroff RB, Jankovic J, Mazziotta JC, Pomeroy SL, eds. Bradley's Neurology a cikin Clinical Practice. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2016: babi na 1.

Daroff RB, Jankovic J, Mazziotta JC, Pomeroy SL. Binciken Laboratory a cikin ganewar asali da kuma kula da cututtukan jijiyoyin jiki. A cikin: Daroff RB, Jankovic J, Mazziotta JC, Pomeroy SL, eds. Bradley's Neurology a cikin Clinical Practice. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2016: babi na 33.

Daroff RB, Jankovic J, Mazziotta JC, Pomeroy SL. Gudanar da cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta. A cikin: Daroff RB, Jankovic J, Mazziotta JC, Pomeroy SK, eds. Bradley's Neurology a cikin Clinical Practice. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2016: babi na 53.

Purves D, Augustine GJ, Fitzpatrick D, et al. Yin nazarin tsarin juyayi. A cikin: Purves D, Augustine GJ, Fitzpatrick D, et al, eds. Neuroscience. Na 6 ed. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2017; babi na 1.