Menene Hukunci Mai Kyau?
Wadatacce
- Ma'ana
- Misalai
- Lokacin da hukunci mai kyau yana da sakamako mara kyau da yawa
- Tabbatacce da mummunan azaba ko ƙarfafawa
- Tabbatacce azaba da tabbataccen ƙarfafawa
- BF Skinner kuma mai gudanar da aiki
- Awauki
Ma'ana
Kyakkyawan hukunci nau'i ne na gyara halaye. A wannan yanayin, kalmar "tabbatacce" ba tana nufin wani abu mai daɗi ba.
Kyakkyawan hukunci yana ƙara wani abu a cikin haɗuwa wanda zai haifar da sakamako mara kyau. Manufar shine a rage yiwuwar cewa halin da ba'a so zai sake faruwa a nan gaba.
Wannan hanyar na iya zama mai tasiri a cikin wasu yanayi, amma kawai ɓangare ɗaya ne na ƙimar. Jagorar yaranku zuwa ga wasu halaye da suka dace da yanayin shima ana buƙata.
Bari muyi la'akari da hukunci mai kyau da yadda yake kwatankwacin mummunan azaba da ƙarfafawa mai kyau da mara kyau.
Misalai
Duk ayyuka suna da sakamako. Kyakkyawan hukunci na iya zama sakamakon dabi'a na wani aiki.
Misali, idan yaronka yasha kirim mai laushi wanda ya lalace saboda sun ɓoye shi a ƙarƙashin gadonsu, zasu sami ciwon ciki. Idan sun taba murhu mai zafi, za su ƙone hannunsu.
Wadannan ƙwarewar ba su da kyau a mafi kyau. A gefe guda kuma, suna matsayin lokutan koyarwa masu mahimmanci. Kamar yadda zaku yi, yaro yana iya son canza halayensu don kauce wa sakamakon.
Lokacin zabar hukunci, yi tunanin hukunta halin, ba yaron ba. Yakamata a yi hukunci da shi ga yaron.
"Kyakkyawan hukunci ya dogara ne akan abin da ke kaucewa," in ji Elizabeth Rossiaky, BCBA, darektar asibiti a Westside Yara na Farrapy a Frankfurt, Illinois. "Abin da ke da damuwa ga ɗayan ba zai iya zama damuwa ga kowa ba."
Tare da wannan a zuciya, ga wasu misalai na azabtarwa tabbatacce gama gari:
- Tsayawa. Yin tsawatarwa ko laccoci abu ne da yara da yawa zasu so su guji.
- Hannun mari ko kamowa. Wannan na iya faruwa cikin haɗari a wannan lokacin. Za ku iya ɗauka ɗauka a hankali ɗan ya kai hannu ga tukunyar tafasasshen ruwa a kan kuka, ko kuma wanda ke jan gashin ɗan uwansu. Kuna iya ɗauka da ƙarfi ko jan yaro wanda ke shirin cin karo da abin hawa.
- Rubutawa. Ana amfani da wannan hanyar sau da yawa a makaranta. Ya zama tilas ga yaro ya rubuta wannan hukuncin sau da sau, ko ya rubuta makala game da halayensu.
- Ayyuka. Iyaye da yawa suna ƙara ayyukan gida azaman horo. Yaron da yake yin rubutu a bango ko shafa man gyada a duk teburin ana iya tilasta shi tsabtace shi ko yin wasu ayyukan gida.
- Dokoki. Mutane ƙalilan ne ke son ƙarin dokoki. Ga yaron da yake yawan ɓata ɗabi'a, ƙara ƙarin dokokin gida na iya zama abin ƙarfafawa don canza ɗabi'a.
Mafi yawan yara suna fahimtar ma'anar horo mai kyau. Yi shaidar jaririn wanda ya ƙare da fushi kawai lokacin da aka biya buƙatu. Abu daya za'a iya lura dashi yana faruwa tsakanin 'yan uwan.
Kyakkyawan hukunci na iya zama mai tasiri yayin da nan take ya bi halin da ba'a so. Yana aiki mafi kyau yayin amfani dashi koyaushe.
Hakanan yana da tasiri tare da wasu hanyoyin, kamar ƙarfafa tabbatacce, don haka yaro ya koyi halaye daban-daban.
Lokacin da hukunci mai kyau yana da sakamako mara kyau da yawa
Ofayan misalan rikice-rikice na azabtarwa mai kyau shine harbi.
A cikin wani, masu bincike sunyi jayayya cewa dakawa na iya haifar da haɗarin ƙaruwa da halayyar tashin hankali. Zai iya aika saƙon cewa tashin hankali na iya magance matsaloli.
Yana iya murkushe wasu halaye marasa kyau ba tare da samar da wasu hanyoyin ba. Sakamako na iya zama na ɗan lokaci, tare da halin da ba'a so ya dawo da zarar hukuncin ya ƙare.
Binciken shekara ta 2016 na nazarin shekaru 50 na bincike ya nuna cewa mafi yawan da kuka yiwa yaro, da alama za su ƙi ku. Yana iya ƙara halayyar zamantakewar jama'a da zalunci. Hakanan na iya taimakawa ga matsalolin hankali da na lafiyar hankali.
“Gabaɗaya, tabbataccen hukunci shine mafi ƙarancin hanyar koyarwa saboda ƙarancin bayani. Amma a yanayin tsaro, zai zama mafi nasara wajen kiyaye tsaro, ”in ji Rossiaky.
Tana karantar da halayyar gujewa amma ba dabi'ar sauyawa ba, ta bayyana.
“Idan dole ne ka sadar da hukuncin sau da yawa, ba ya aiki. Kuna iya la'akari da wata hanyar daban. Kuma ya zama dole ku tabbatar azabtarwa ba kawai don nuna fushin ku bane, ”Rossiaky ta ba da shawara.
Idan ya zo ga duka, bugawa tare da mai mulki, ko wasu nau'ikan azabtar da jiki, ba a ba da shawarar ba.
Rossiaky yayi gargadin cewa yara sunada kyau wajen gano bakin zaren. Suna iya samun halaye marasa dacewa daidai sai dai idan kun koya wasu.
Tabbatacce da mummunan azaba ko ƙarfafawa
A cikin gyaran hali, "tabbatacce" da "mara kyau" ba yana nufin "mai kyau" ko "mara kyau." Yana iya taimakawa wajen tunanin su a matsayin "ƙari" ko "debe": Tabbatacce yana nufin kun ƙara, kuma mummunan yana nufin kuna ragewa.
An saba amfani da azaba karaya wani hali. Isarfafawa yana nufin karfafa wani hali.
Kyakkyawan hukunci shine lokacin da kuka ƙara sakamako ga halin da ba'a so. Kuna yin hakan ne don rage karancin sha'awa.
Misali na ladabtarwa mai kyau shine ƙara ƙarin ayyuka a cikin jerin lokacin da yaronku yayi watsi da ɗawainiyar su. Makasudin shine a karfafa yaranku suyi aiki da ayyukan su na yau da kullun don kauce wa jerin ayyukan masu yawa.
Hukunci mara kyau shine lokacin da kuka ɗauki wani abu.Misali na azabtarwa mara kyau shine ƙwace kayan wasan yara da suka fi so saboda sun ƙi karɓar bayan kansu.
Makasudin azabtarwa mara kyau shine a sanya yaron ya ɗauka bayan kansu don gujewa ɗaukar kayan wasa. Lokaci lokaci shima nau'i ne na mummunan hukunci.
Tare da ƙarfafa ƙarfafawa, zaku cire mai motsawa tare da burin haɓaka halayyar da ta dace.
Misali, koyaushe kuna kiran yaronku a cikin ɗakin girki don share tebur kuma ɗaukar faranti zuwa wurin wanka. Bayan lokaci, suna koyon yin wannan aikin ba tare da yin hanzari don kauce wa wahalar sake kiran su ba.
Kuna iya yin la'akari da ƙarfafa ƙarfafan kayan aikin koyarwa maimakon hanyar azabtarwa.
Rossiaky yayi imanin cewa, gabaɗaya, ƙarfafawa ya fi dacewa da horo.
Tabbatacce azaba da tabbataccen ƙarfafawa
Kyakkyawan hukunci yana ƙara sakamako mara kyau biyo bayan halin da ba'a so. Idan kun sa yaranku tsaftace gareji saboda sun yi dokar hana fita, wannan hukunci ne mai kyau.
Reinforarfafa tabbatacce yana ƙara lada idan yaro yayi halin kirki. Idan ka ba ɗanka alawus don yin wasu ayyukan gida, wannan ƙarfafawa ne mai kyau.
Makasudin shine a kara yiwuwar cewa zasu ci gaba da halaye masu kyau.
BF Skinner kuma mai gudanar da aiki
Farkon masanin halayyar dan adam na karni na 20 BF Skinner an san shi da fadada kan ka'idar halayyar mutum. Ya mai da hankali kan magudi sakamakon an san shi da yanayin motsa jiki.
A taƙaice, yanayin kwalliyar aiki ya ta'allaka ne da dabarun koyarwa. Ana amfani da azaba mai kyau da mara kyau don hana halayen da basu dace ba. Ana amfani da ƙarfafawa mai kyau da mara kyau don ƙarfafa halaye masu kyau.
An yi amfani da su tare, an tsara waɗannan dabarun don taimakawa yaro ƙirƙirar ƙungiyoyi tsakanin halaye da sakamakon halaye.
Awauki
Kyakkyawan hukunci nau'ine na azabtarwa wanda kuke ƙara wani abu zuwa mahalli don hana wani hali.
A karan kansa, hukuncin mai kyau bazai zama kyakkyawan mafita na dogon lokaci ba. Zai iya zama mafi tasiri yayin haɗuwa tare da ƙarfafawa mai kyau da mara kyau.
Daga qarshe, yi qoqari ka koya wa yaranka yadda ake sauya halaye marasa kyau da waxanda za a yarda da su.