Kwayar halitta: menene menene, yadda ake yinta kuma menene za'a iya magance ta

Wadatacce

• Yadda ake yinta
• Hanyar CRISPR
• Fasahar T-Cell ta Mota
• Cututtukan da jiyya ke iya magance su
• Kwayar cutar kanjamau

Maganin kwayar halitta, wanda aka fi sani da maganin jinsi ko gyaran kwayar halitta, magani ne na kirkire-kirkire wanda ya kunshi wasu dabaru wadanda zasu iya zama masu amfani wajen magani da rigakafin cututtuka masu rikitarwa, kamar cututtukan kwayoyin halitta da cutar kansa, ta hanyar gyara takamaiman kwayoyin halitta.

Ana iya bayyana kwayar halitta a matsayin asalin asalin gado kuma an haɗasu da takamaiman jerin ƙwayoyin nucleic acid, wato, DNA da RNA, kuma suna ɗaukar bayanan da suka shafi halaye da lafiyar mutum. Don haka, wannan nau'in maganin ya kunshi haifar da sauye-sauye a cikin DNA na kwayoyin halittar da cutar ta shafa da kuma kunna kariyar jiki don gane kayan da suka lalace da kuma inganta kawar da shi.

Cututtukan da za'a iya magance su ta wannan hanyar sune waɗanda suka haɗa da wasu canje-canje a cikin DNA, kamar su kansar, cututtukan autoimmune, ciwon sukari, cystic fibrosis, a tsakanin sauran cututtukan degenerative ko cututtukan gado, duk da haka, a yawancin lokuta har yanzu suna cikin yanayin ci gaba gwaje-gwaje.

Yadda ake yinta

Maganin kwayar halitta ya kunshi amfani da kwayoyin halitta maimakon magunguna don magance cututtuka. Ana yin shi ta hanyar canza kayan halittar kwayoyin halittar da kwayoyin cuta suka cutar da wani wanda yake al'ada. A halin yanzu, ana gudanar da aikin gyaran jinya ta hanyar amfani da fasahohin kwayoyin guda biyu, dabarun CRISPR da dabarar T-Cell ta Car:

Hanyar CRISPR

Hanyar CRISPR ta ƙunshi musanya takamaiman yankuna na DNA wanda zai iya zama alaƙa da cututtuka. Sabili da haka, wannan fasaha tana ba da damar canza ƙwayoyin halitta a cikin takamaiman wurare, a madaidaiciya, hanzari kuma ba ta da tsada. Gabaɗaya, ana iya aiwatar da fasahar a cikin aan matakai:

• Identifiedayyadaddun ƙwayoyin halitta, waɗanda kuma ana iya kiransu nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta ko jerin gwano, ana gano su;
• Bayan ganowa, masana kimiyya sun kirkiro jerin "jagorar RNA" wanda ya dace da yankin da aka nufa;
• Wannan RNA an sanya shi a cikin kwayar halitta tare da furotin na Cas 9, wanda ke aiki ta hanyar yanke jerin DNA da aka nufa;
• Bayan haka, an saka sabon jerin DNA cikin jerin da suka gabata.

Yawancin sauye-sauyen halittu suna tattare da ƙwayoyin halittar da ke cikin ƙwayoyin cuta, wato, ƙwayoyin da ke ƙunshe da ƙwayoyin halitta waɗanda ba a canja su daga tsara zuwa zuriya, suna iyakance canjin ga mutumin kawai. Koyaya, bincike da gwaje-gwaje sun bayyana inda ake aiwatar da fasahar CRISPR akan ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta, wato, akan ƙwai ko maniyyi, waɗanda suka haifar da jerin tambayoyi game da amfani da dabarar da amincin ta ga cigaban mutum. .

Ba a san abubuwan da ke faruwa na dogon lokaci na dabarar da gyaran kwayar halitta ba. Masana kimiyya sunyi imanin cewa magudi na kwayoyin halittar mutum na iya sa mutum ya zama mai saukin kamuwa da aukuwar sauyin yanayi, wanda zai iya haifar da wuce gona da iri kan garkuwar jiki ko bayyanar cutuka masu tsanani.

Baya ga tattaunawa game da gyaran kwayoyin halitta don juyawa game da yiwuwar sauyawar canjin yanayi da watsa canjin ga al'ummomi masu zuwa, an tattauna sosai game da batun da'a na aikin, tunda ana iya amfani da wannan dabarar don canzawa jaririn halaye, kamar launin ido, tsayi, launin gashi, dss.

Fasahar T-Cell ta Mota

An riga an yi amfani da wannan dabara ta T-Cell ta Car a cikin Amurka, Turai, China da Japan kuma a kwanan nan an yi amfani da ita a Brazil don warkar da cutar lymphoma. Wannan dabarar ta kunshi canza tsarin garkuwar jiki ta yadda za a iya gane kwayoyin cuta a jiki cikin sauki.

Saboda wannan, ana cire ƙwayoyin T na tsaro na mutum kuma ana sarrafa kwayoyin halittar su ta hanyar haɗa kwayar CAR a cikin ƙwayoyin, wanda aka sani da mai karɓar antigen na chimeric. Bayan ƙara kwayar halitta, adadin ƙwayoyin yana ƙaruwa kuma daga lokacin da aka tabbatar da isasshen adadin ƙwayoyin halitta da kuma kasancewar ƙarin tsarin da ya dace don gane ƙari, akwai shigar da ɓarkewar garkuwar jikin mutum sannan, sannan, allura na kwayoyin kariya wadanda aka yiwa kwatankwacin kwayar CAR

Sabili da haka, akwai kunnawa na tsarin rigakafi, wanda ke farawa don gane ƙwayoyin tumo a sauƙaƙe kuma yana iya kawar da waɗannan ƙwayoyin sosai.

Cututtukan da jiyya ke iya magance su

Kwayar kwayar halitta tana ba da tabbaci don maganin kowace irin cuta, amma, ga wasu kawai za a iya aiwatar da shi ko yana cikin lokacin gwaji. An yi nazarin gyaran kwayar halitta da nufin magance cututtukan kwayoyin cuta, kamar su cystic fibrosis, makantar haifuwa, hemophilia da cutar sikila anemia, alal misali, amma kuma an ɗauke ta azaman dabara ce da za ta iya inganta rigakafin cututtuka masu haɗari , kamar misali kansar, cututtukan zuciya da kamuwa da kwayar HIV, misali.

Duk da yawan karatun da aka yi game da magani da rigakafin cututtuka, ana iya amfani da gyaran kwayoyin halittu a cikin tsirrai, don su zama masu jurewa da canjin yanayi da kuma juriya da ƙwayoyin cuta da magungunan ƙwari, kuma a cikin abinci tare da manufar kasancewa mai gina jiki .

Kwayar cutar kanjamau

An riga an gudanar da maganin ƙirar jinji a wasu ƙasashe kuma ana nuna shi musamman don takamaiman al'amuran cutar sankarar bargo, lymphomas, melanomas ko sarcomas, misali. Wannan nau'in maganin ya kunshi kunna kunna ƙwayoyin kariya na jiki don gane ƙwayoyin ƙari da kuma kawar da su, wanda ake yi ta hanyar shigar da ƙwayoyin halittar da aka gyara ta ƙwayoyin cuta ko ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin jikin mai haƙuri.

An yi imanin cewa, a nan gaba, maganin kwayar halitta zai zama mai tasiri sosai kuma zai maye gurbin maganin kansa na yanzu, amma, tunda yana da tsada kuma yana buƙatar fasahar ci gaba, zai fi dacewa a nuna a cikin al'amuran da ba su amsa magani tare da chemotherapy, radiotherapy da tiyata