An Bayyana DNA kuma an bincika

Wadatacce

• Game da DNA
• DNA cikin lafiya, cuta, da tsufa
• Girman halittar ku
• Lalacewar DNA da maye gurbi
• DNA da tsufa
• Menene aka yi DNA?
• Menene DNA tayi kama?
• Menene DNA ke yi?
• DNA yana taimakawa jikinka yayi girma
• Yaya ake samu daga lambar DNA zuwa furotin?
• A ina aka samo DNA?
• Kwayoyin Eukaryotic
• Kwayoyin Prokaryotic
• Menene ya faru lokacin da ƙwayoyinku suka rarraba?
• Awauki

Me yasa DNA yake da mahimmanci? A taƙaice, DNA tana ƙunshe da umarnin da suka wajaba a rayuwa.

Lambar da ke cikin DNA ɗinmu tana ba da kwatance kan yadda ake yin sunadarai waɗanda ke da mahimmanci ga ci gabanmu, ci gabanmu, da lafiyarmu gabaɗaya.

Game da DNA

DNA na nufin deoxyribonucleic acid. Ya kunshi bangarori na tubalin ginin halitta wanda ake kira nucleotides.

DNA shine mahimmin kwayar halitta mai mahimmanci ga ba mutane kawai ba, amma ga yawancin sauran kwayoyin kuma. DNA yana dauke da kayanmu na gado da kwayoyin halittarmu - shine yake sanya mu zama na musamman.

Amma menene ainihin DNA yi? Ci gaba da karatu don gano ƙarin game da tsarin DNA, abin da yake yi, da kuma dalilin da ya sa yake da mahimmanci.

DNA cikin lafiya, cuta, da tsufa

Girman halittar ku

Cikakken tsarin DNA shine ake kira kwayar halittar ku. Ya ƙunshi tushe biliyan 3, kwayoyin 20,000, da nau'i-nau'i 23 na chromosomes!

Kuna gadon rabin DNA daga mahaifinku rabin kuma daga mahaifiyarku. Wannan DNA din yazo daga maniyyi da kwai, bi da bi.

Kwayar halitta hakika tana da kadan daga cikin kwayar halittar ka - kashi 1 ne kawai. Sauran kashi 99 na taimakawa wajen daidaita abubuwa kamar yaushe, ta yaya, da kuma yawan adadin sunadaran da ake samarwa.

Masana kimiyya har yanzu suna ci gaba da koyo game da wannan “ba lamba” DNA.

Lalacewar DNA da maye gurbi

Lambar DNA tana fuskantar lalacewa. A hakikanin gaskiya, an kiyasta cewa dubun abubuwa na lalata DNA suna faruwa a kowace rana a cikin kowace ƙwayoyinmu. Lalacewa na iya faruwa saboda abubuwa kamar kurakurai a cikin kwayar halittar DNA, masu raɗaɗɗen kyauta, da kuma bayyanar da hasken UV.

Amma kar a ji tsoro! Kwayoyinku suna da furotin na musamman waɗanda suke iya ganowa da kuma gyara yawancin lamuran DNA. A zahiri, akwai aƙalla manyan hanyoyin gyaran DNA guda biyar.

Maye gurbi canje-canje ne a jerin DNA. Suna iya zama wani lokaci mara kyau. Wannan saboda canzawa cikin lambar DNA zai iya yin tasirin ƙasa da yadda ake yin furotin.

Idan furotin ba ya aiki da kyau, cuta na iya haifar. Wasu misalan cututtukan da ke faruwa sanadiyar maye gurbi a cikin kwayar halitta daya sun hada da cystic fibrosis da sickle cell anemia.

Hakanan maye gurbi na iya haifar da ci gaban cutar kansa. Misali, idan kwayoyin canzawa don sunadaran da suka shafi ci gaban salula suka canza, kwayoyin halitta za su iya girma kuma su rarraba daga sarrafawa. Wasu maye gurbi da ke haifar da maye gurbi na iya gado yayin da wasu kuma ana iya samun su ta hanyar kamuwa da cutar kankara kamar UV radiation, sunadarai, ko hayaƙin sigari.

Amma ba duk maye gurbi bane mara kyau. Muna samun su kowane lokaci. Wasu ba su da lahani yayin da wasu ke ba da gudummawa ga bambancinmu azaman jinsi.

Canje-canjen da ke faruwa a cikin fiye da kashi 1 cikin ɗari na yawan jama'a ana kiran su polymorphisms. Misalan wasu polymorphisms sune gashi da launin ido.

DNA da tsufa

An yi imanin cewa lalacewar DNA da ba a gyara ba na iya tara yayin da muke tsufa, yana taimakawa wajen fitar da tsarin tsufa. Waɗanne abubuwa ne za su iya shafar wannan?

Wani abu da zai iya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin lalacewar DNA hade da tsufa lalacewa ce saboda ƙwayoyin cuta masu kyauta. Koyaya, wannan hanyar lalata ɗaya bazai isa ya bayyana tsarin tsufa ba. Hakanan abubuwa da yawa na iya kasancewa.

Asaya daga cikin dalilin da yasa lalacewar DNA ke tara yayin da muke tsufa ya dogara ne akan juyin halitta. Ana tunanin cewa an gyara lalacewar DNA da aminci yayin da muke cikin shekarun haihuwa da haihuwar yara. Bayan mun wuce shekarun haihuwarmu, tsarin gyarawa yakan ragu.

Wani sashin DNA wanda zai iya shiga cikin tsufa shine telomeres. Telomeres sune shimfidaddun jerin DNA da ake maimaitawa wadanda aka samo a karshen chromosomes dinku. Suna taimakawa kare DNA daga lalacewa, amma kuma suna taqaita kowane zagaye na kwafin DNA.

Telomere raguwa yana da alaƙa da tsarin tsufa. Hakanan an gano cewa wasu abubuwan rayuwa kamar su kiba, kamuwa da hayakin sigari, da damuwa na hankali na iya taimakawa wajen rage telomere.

Zai yiwu yin zaɓin rayuwa mai kyau kamar kiyaye ƙoshin lafiya, kula da damuwa, da shan sigari na iya jinkirta raguwar telomere? Wannan tambaya ta ci gaba da kasancewa mai ban sha'awa ga masu bincike.

Menene aka yi DNA?

Kwayar DNA ta kunshi nucleotides. Kowane nucleotide ya ƙunshi abubuwa uku daban-daban - sukari, ƙungiyar phosphate, da kuma tushen nitrogen.

Ana kiran sikari a cikin DNA 2’-deoxyribose. Wadannan kwayoyin sunadaran suna maye gurbinsu da kungiyoyin phosphate, suna yin “kashin bayan” halittar DNA.

Kowane sukari a cikin nucleotide yana da tushen nitrogen a haɗe da shi. Akwai nau'ikan tushen sinadarin nitrogen guda hudu da ake samu a cikin DNA. Sun hada da:

• adenine (A)
• cytosine (C)
• guanine (G)
• thymine (T)

Menene DNA tayi kama?

Hannun DNA guda biyu sunada tsari mai suna 3-D wanda ake kira helix biyu. Idan aka zana shi, yana kama da wani tsani wanda aka jirkita shi zuwa karkace wanda a ciki gwanayen kafa biyu suke da kari kuma kasusuwa na sukari phosphate sune kafafu.

Bugu da ƙari, yana da kyau a lura cewa DNA a cikin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin eukaryotic layi ne, ma'ana ƙarshen kowane layi yana da 'yanci. A cikin kwayar cutar prokaryotic, DNA tana samarda madaidaicin tsari.

Menene DNA ke yi?

DNA yana taimakawa jikinka yayi girma

DNA yana dauke da umarnin da suka wajaba ga kwayar halitta - kai, tsuntsu, ko tsirrai misali - girma, ci gaba, da haifuwa. Wadannan umarnin an adana su a cikin jerin nau'ikan nucleotide nau'i-nau'i.

Kwayoyinku suna karanta wannan lambar tushe uku a lokaci guda don samar da sunadarai waɗanda ke da mahimmanci don ci gaba da rayuwa. Jeren DNA wanda ke dauke da bayanai don samar da sunadari ana kiransa gene.

Kowane rukuni mai kafa uku ya dace da takamaiman amino acid, wadanda sune tubalin ginin sunadarai. Misali, ma'aunin ma'aurata TG-G sun fayyace amino acid tryptophan yayin da ma'aurata GG-C ke tantance amino acid glycine.

Wasu haduwa, kamar T-A-A, T-A-G, da T-G-A, suma suna nuna karshen jerin sunadarai. Wannan yana gaya wa kwayar halitta kar ta kara wani amino acid a cikin furotin.

Sunadaran sunadarai ne daban-daban na amino acid. Lokacin da aka haɗu tare cikin tsari daidai, kowane furotin yana da tsari na musamman da aiki a jikinku.

Yaya ake samu daga lambar DNA zuwa furotin?

Zuwa yanzu, mun koyi cewa DNA na dauke da lambar da ke ba kwayar halitta bayanai kan yadda ake yin sunadarai. Amma menene ya faru a tsakanin? A sauƙaƙe, wannan yana faruwa ne ta hanyar matakai biyu:

Da farko, igiyoyin DNA biyu sun rabu. Bayan haka, sunadarai na musamman a tsakiya sun karanta gwanayen kafa biyu akan layin DNA don samar da kwayar halitta ta matsakaiciyar sakon.

Ana kiran wannan tsari kwafin kwafi kuma ana kiran kwayoyin da ake kira messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA wani nau'in nucleic acid ne kuma yana yin daidai yadda sunansa yake. Yana tafiya a waje da cibiya, yana aiki azaman sako zuwa ga injunan sel wanda ke gina sunadarai.

A mataki na biyu, kayan aiki na musamman na kwayar halitta sun karanta saƙon mRNA nau'i-nau'i tushe guda uku a lokaci guda kuma suna aiki don haɗa furotin, amino acid ta amino acid. Wannan tsari ana kiransa fassara.

A ina aka samo DNA?

Amsar wannan tambayar na iya dogara ne da nau'in ƙwayoyin halittar da kuke magana akai. Akwai kwayar halitta iri biyu - eukaryotic da prokaryotic.

Ga mutane, akwai DNA a cikin kowace ƙwayoyinmu.

Kwayoyin Eukaryotic

Mutane da sauran kwayoyin halitta suna da kwayoyin eukaryotic. Wannan yana nufin cewa kwayoyin halittarsu suna da mahaifa da aka hade da membobi da kuma wasu tsare-tsaren da suke hade da membrane da ake kira kwayoyin halitta.

A cikin kwayar eukaryotic, DNA yana cikin tsakiya. Ana kuma samun ƙaramin adadin DNA a cikin ƙwayoyin halitta da ake kira mitochondria, waɗanda sune mahimman ƙarfi na tantanin halitta.

Saboda akwai iyakantaccen fili a cikin cibiya, dole ne a kunshi DNA sosai. Akwai matakai daban-daban na marufi, duk da haka samfuran ƙarshe sune tsarin da muke kira chromosomes.

Kwayoyin Prokaryotic

Kwayoyin halitta kamar kwayoyin cuta sune kwayar prokaryotic. Waɗannan ƙwayoyin ba su da cibiya ko gabobi. A cikin ƙwayoyin prokaryotic, ana samun DNA a haɗe a haɗe a tsakiyar tantanin halitta.

Menene ya faru lokacin da ƙwayoyinku suka rarraba?

Kwayoyin jikin ku sun kasu kashi na al'ada na girma da ci gaba. Lokacin da wannan ya faru, kowace sabuwar kwayar halitta dole ne ta sami cikakkiyar kwafin DNA.

Don cimma wannan, DNA ɗinka dole ne ayi aikin da ake kira maimaitawa. Lokacin da wannan ya faru, zaren DNA biyu ya rabu. Bayan haka, sunadaran sunadarai na musamman suna amfani da kowane zaren azaman samfuri don yin sabon zaren DNA.

Lokacin da kwafi ya kammala, akwai kwayoyin halittar DNA guda biyu. Saiti daya zai shiga kowane sabon sel idan an gama rabawa.

Awauki

DNA yana da mahimmanci ga ci gabanmu, haifuwa, da lafiyarmu. Ya ƙunshi umarnin da ake buƙata don ƙwayoyin ku don samar da sunadarai waɗanda ke shafar matakai daban-daban da ayyuka a jikin ku.

Saboda DNA yana da mahimmanci, lalacewa ko maye gurbi wani lokaci na iya taimakawa ga ci gaban cuta. Koyaya, yana da mahimmanci a tuna cewa maye gurbi na iya zama mai fa'ida da bayar da gudummawa ga bambancin mu kuma.