Nunawa da gano cutar HIV

Gaba daya, gwajin kwayar cutar kanjamau (HIV) tsari ne mai matakai 2 wanda ya kunshi gwajin gwaji da kuma bin sahu.

Ana iya gwajin HIV ta:

• Zubar da jini daga jijiya
• Yatsan jini yatsa
• Ruwan roba na baki
• Samfurin fitsari

Gwajin gwaji

Waɗannan gwaje-gwajen ne da ke bincika ko kun kamu da cutar HIV. Gwaje-gwaje na yau da kullun an bayyana su a ƙasa.

Gwajin jikin dan adam (wanda kuma ake kira immunoassay) yana yin bincike kan kwayoyin cutar kanjamau. Mai ba ka kiwon lafiya na iya yin odan gwajin da ka yi a dakin gwaje-gwaje. Ko, kuna iya yin shi a cibiyar gwaji ko amfani da kayan gida. Wadannan gwaje-gwajen na iya gano kwayar cutar da ta fara makonni kadan bayan kamuwa da kwayar. Ana iya yin gwajin antibody ta amfani da:

• Jini - Ana yin wannan gwajin ne ta hanyar cire jini daga jijiya, ko ta hanyar yatsan yatsa. Gwajin jini shine mafi daidaito saboda jini yana da matakan kariya daga sauran ruwan jiki.
• Ruwan baka - Wannan gwajin yana bincikar kwayoyin cuta a jikin bakin. Ana yin ta ta shafa goge-goge da cikin kumatu. Wannan gwajin bai cika dacewa da gwajin jini ba.
• Fitsari - Wannan gwajin yana duba ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin fitsari. Wannan gwajin kuma bashi da cikakke sosai kamar gwajin jini.

Gwajin antigen yana bincika jininka don maganin antigen na HIV, wanda ake kira p24. Lokacin da aka fara kamuwa da kwayar cutar kanjamau, kuma kafin jikinka ya sami damar yin kwayoyin cutar kanjamau, jininka yana da babban matakin p24. Gwajin antigen na p24 yayi daidai kwanaki 11 zuwa wata 1 bayan kamuwa da cutar. Wannan gwajin yawanci ba a amfani da shi da kansa don tantance cutar HIV.

Gwajin gwajin antibody-antigen yana bincika matakan matakan kwayar cutar HIV da antigen. Wannan gwajin zai iya gano kwayar cutar tun makonni 3 bayan kamuwa da cutar.

GWAJI NA GABA

Har ila yau ana kiran gwajin gwaji mai tabbatarwa. Yawanci ana yin sa yayin gwajin gwajin tabbatacce. Ana iya amfani da nau'ikan gwaje-gwaje don:

• Gano kwayar cutar kanta
• Gano ƙwayoyin cuta fiye da yadda za'a gwada su
• Faɗa bambanci tsakanin nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta 2, HIV-1 da HIV-2

Babu shiri ya zama dole.

Lokacin shan samfurin jini, wasu mutane suna jin matsakaicin ciwo. Wasu kuma suna jin ƙyalli ko harba. Bayan haka, ƙila za a sami wasu harbi ko ɗan rauni. Wannan da sannu zai tafi.

Babu rashin jin daɗi tare da gwajin shafawar baki ko gwajin fitsari.

Gwajin cutar kanjamau ana yin sa ne saboda dalilai da yawa, gami da:

• Mutane masu yin jima'i
• Mutanen da suke so a gwada su
• Mutanen da ke cikin ƙungiyoyi masu haɗari (maza waɗanda ke yin jima'i da maza, masu amfani da ƙwayoyi masu allura da abokan hulɗar su, da kuma masu yin lalata da mata)
• Mutanen da ke da wasu halaye da cututtuka (kamar Kaposi sarcoma ko Pneumocystis jiruwavecii ciwon huhu)
• Mata masu juna biyu, don taimakawa hana su yada kwayar cutar ga jariri

Sakamakon gwajin mara kyau al'ada ce. Mutanen da ke da ƙwayar cutar HIV na farko na iya samun sakamako mara kyau na gwaji.

Kyakkyawan sakamako akan gwajin nunawa bai tabbatar da cewa mutum yana da ƙwayar HIV ba. Ana bukatar karin gwaje-gwaje don tabbatar da kamuwa da kwayar HIV.

Sakamakon gwajin mara kyau baya cire kamuwa da kwayar HIV. Akwai wani lokaci, wanda ake kira lokacin taga, tsakanin kamuwa da kwayar cutar HIV da bayyanar kwayoyin cutar kanjamau. A wannan lokacin, ba za'a iya auna kwayoyin cuta da antigen ba.

Idan mutum na iya samun cutar mai saurin kamuwa da kwayar cutar HIV kuma yana cikin lokacin taga, gwajin nunawa mara kyau ba zai hana kamuwa da kwayar HIV ba. Ana bukatar bin diddigin cutar kanjamau.

Tare da gwajin jini, jijiyoyi da jijiyoyi sun banbanta a girma daga mai haƙuri zuwa wani, kuma daga gefe ɗaya na jiki zuwa wancan. Bloodaukar jini daga wasu mutane na iya zama da wahala fiye da wasu. Sauran haɗarin da ke tattare da ɗaukar jinni ba su da yawa, amma na iya haɗawa da:

• Zub da jini mai yawa
• Sumewa ko jin an sassauta kai
• Mahara huda don gano wuri jijiyoyinmu
• Hematoma (jini yana taruwa a ƙarƙashin fata)
• Kamuwa (ƙananan haɗari kowane lokaci fata ta karye)

Babu haɗari tare da gwajin baka da fitsari.

Gwajin HIV; Binciken HIV; Gwajin gwajin cutar kanjamau; HIV gwajin tabbatarwa

• Gwajin jini

Bartlett JG, Redfield RR, Pham PA. Gwajin gwaje-gwaje. A cikin: Bartlett JG, Redfield RR, Pham PA, eds. Bartlett na Kula da Lafiya na Cutar Kanjamau. 17th ed. Oxford, Ingila: Jami'ar Oxford Press; 2019: sura 2.

Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka da Rigakafin yanar gizo. Gwajin HIV. www.cdc.gov/hiv/guidelines/testing.html. An sabunta Maris 16, 2018. An shiga Mayu 23, 2019.

Moyer VA; Tasungiyar Ayyuka na Rigakafin Amurka. Nunawa game da HIV: Bayanin shawarwarin Forceungiyar Servicesungiyar Ayyuka na Rigakafin Amurka. Ann Intern Med. 2013; 159 (1): 51-60. PMID: 23698354 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23698354.