Menene Tasirin Matsayi kuma Shin Gaskiya ne?

Wadatacce

• Ta yaya ilimin halin ɗan adam ke bayanin tasirin wuribo
• Kayan gargajiya
• Tsammani
• Tasirin nocebo
• Misalan karatu na gaske
• Ciwon mara
• Gajiya mai nasaba da cutar kansa
• Bacin rai
• Me har yanzu ba mu fahimta ba?
• Tambayoyi masu gudana game da tasirin wuribo
• Layin kasa

A magani, placebo abu ne, kwaya, ko wani magani wanda ya bayyana kamar sa hannun likita ne, amma ba ɗaya ba. Wuraren placebo suna da mahimmanci a cikin gwajin asibiti, yayin da ake ba su sau da yawa ga mahalarta a cikin rukunin sarrafawa.

Saboda placebo ba magani ne mai aiki ba, bai kamata ya sami sakamako mai mahimmanci a yanayin ba. Masu bincike na iya kwatanta sakamako daga wuribo zuwa waɗanda daga ainihin magani. Wannan yana taimaka musu su tantance idan sabon maganin yayi tasiri.

Wataƙila ka saba da kalmar “placebo” dangane da wani abu da ake kira tasirin wuribo. Tasirin wuribo shine lokacin da aka lura da ci gaba, duk da cewa mutum yana karɓar wuribo sabanin aikin likita.

An kiyasta cewa 1 a cikin mutane 3 suna fuskantar tasirin wuribo. Ci gaba da karatu don ƙarin koyo game da tasirin wuribo, yadda yake aiki, da wasu misalai daga bincike.

Ta yaya ilimin halin ɗan adam ke bayanin tasirin wuribo

Tasirin wuribo yana wakiltar haɗi mai ban sha'awa tsakanin hankali da jiki wanda har yanzu ba a fahimta gaba ɗaya. A ƙasa, zamu tattauna wasu bayanan halayyar halayyar mutum don tasirin wuribo.

Kayan gargajiya

Kayan kwalliya na gargajiya iri ne na koyo. Yana faruwa idan kun haɗa abu da takamaiman martani. Misali, idan kuka kamu da rashin lafiya bayan cin wani takamaiman abinci, kuna iya danganta abincin da rashin lafiya kuma ku guji shi nan gaba.

Saboda ƙungiyoyin da aka koya ta hanyar kwandishan na gargajiya na iya shafar ɗabi'a, suna iya taka rawa a cikin tasirin wuribo. Bari mu kalli wasu misalai:

• Idan kun sha takamaiman kwaya don ciwon kai, kuna iya fara haɗuwa da wannan kwaya tare da sauƙin ciwo. Idan kun karɓi maganin maye gurbin kwatankwacin wannan don ciwon kai, har yanzu kuna iya bayar da rahoton rage ciwo saboda wannan ƙungiyar.
• Kuna iya haɗawa da ofishin likita tare da karɓar magani ko jin daɗi. Wannan ƙungiyar zata iya tasiri yadda kuke ji game da cutar da kuke samu.

Tsammani

Tasirin wuribo yana da babban tushe a cikin tsammanin mutum. Idan kuna da tsammanin abubuwan da suka gabata, zasu iya yin tasiri akan fahimtarku game da shi. Sabili da haka, idan kuna tsammanin kwaya zai sa ku ji daɗi, kuna iya jin daɗi bayan shan shi.

Kuna iya ƙirƙirar tsammanin don haɓaka daga alamomi da yawa. Wasu misalai sun haɗa da:

• Magana. Likita ko nas zasu iya gaya maka cewa kwaya zata yi tasiri wajen magance matsalarka.
• Ayyuka. Kuna iya jin daɗi idan kun yi wani abu don magance yanayin ku, kamar shan kwaya ko karɓar allura.
• Zamantakewa Sautin muryar likitanku, yanayin jiki, da kallon ido na iya zama da tabbaci, yana sa ku ji daɗi sosai game da maganin.

Tasirin nocebo

Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa ba duk tasirin wuribo yake da amfani ba. A wasu lokuta, bayyanar cututtuka na iya tsananta maimakon inganta yayin karɓar wuribo.

Ana kiran wannan tasirin nocebo. Hanyoyin wuribo da tasirin nocebo ana yin imanin sun yi kama, tare da abubuwan da suka shafi abubuwa kamar yanayin sanyi da tsammanin.

Misalan karatu na gaske

A ƙasa, zamu bincika misalai uku na tasirin wuribo daga ainihin karatu.

Ciwon mara

An tantance yadda lakabin magunguna ya shafi ƙaura a cikin mutane 66. Wannan shine yadda aka kafa binciken:

1. An nemi mahalarta su sha kwaya don lokuta shida na ƙaura daban-daban. A lokacin wadannan labaran, an basu ko dai wani placebo ko wani magani na kaura da ake kira Maxalt.
2. Lissafi na kwayoyin sun bambanta a duk lokacin nazarin. Ana iya lakafta su azaman wuribo, Maxalt, ko kuma kowane nau'in (tsaka tsaki).
3. An nemi mahalarta suyi saurin ƙarfin zafi na mintina 30 a cikin lamarin na ƙaura, ɗauki kwaya da aka ba su, sannan kuma zazzage ƙarfin zafi awanni 2.5 daga baya.

Masu bincike sun gano cewa tsammanin da lakabin kwaya (placebo, Maxalt, ko tsaka tsaki) ya yi ya shafi tasirin zafin da aka ruwaito. Ga sakamakon:

• Kamar yadda ake tsammani, Maxalt ya ba da ƙarin taimako fiye da placebo. Koyaya, an lura da kwayoyi na wuribo don samar da ƙarin taimako fiye da rashin kulawa.
• Rubuta rubutu yana da mahimmanci! Don duka Maxalt da placebo, an ba da umarnin a sauƙaƙe sauƙaƙe ba tare da yin lakabi ba. A cikin ƙungiyoyin biyu, ƙwayoyin da aka yiwa lakabi da Maxalt sun kasance mafi girma, tsaka tsaki yana tsakiya, kuma placebo ya kasance mafi ƙanƙanci.
• Wannan tasirin yayi karfi sosai har aka sanyawa Maxalt wanda aka yiwa lakabi da placebo don samarda kusan adadin taimako kamar yadda wanda aka yiwa lakabi da Maxalt.

Gajiya mai nasaba da cutar kansa

Gajiya na iya kasancewa alama ce mai dorewa a cikin wasu waɗanda suka tsira daga cutar kansa. Duba sakamakon placebo idan aka kwatanta da magani kamar yadda aka saba a cikin 74 waɗanda suka tsira daga cutar kansa tare da gajiya. An kafa binciken kamar haka:

1. Don makonni 3, mahalarta ko dai sun sami kwaya a bayyane wanda aka lakafta a matsayin wuribo ko kuma sun karɓi maganinsu kamar yadda suka saba.
2. Bayan makonni 3, mutanen da ke shan magungunan maye sun daina shan su. A halin yanzu, waɗanda ke karɓar magani na yau da kullun suna da zaɓi don shan kwayoyin maye gurbin sati 3.

Bayan binciken ya ƙare, masu binciken sun lura cewa placebo, duk da cewa an lakafta shi kamar haka, yana da tasiri ga ƙungiyoyin mahalarta. Sakamakon ya kasance:

• Bayan makonni 3, ƙungiyar wuribo ta ba da rahoton ingantaccen bayyanar cututtuka idan aka kwatanta da waɗanda ke karɓar magani kamar yadda suka saba. Sun kuma ci gaba da bayar da rahoton ingantattun bayyanar cututtuka sama da makonni 3 bayan dainawa.
• Mutanen da ke karɓar magani kamar yadda suka saba waɗanda suka yanke shawarar shan maganin maye gurbin mako 3 kuma sun ba da rahoton ci gaba a cikin alamun gajiya bayan makonni 3.

Bacin rai

Wani binciken tasirin wuribo a cikin mutane 35 tare da baƙin ciki. Mahalarta ba a halin yanzu suke shan wasu magunguna don ɓacin rai a lokacin ba. An kafa binciken kamar haka:

1. Kowane ɗan takara ya karɓi magungunan maye. Koyaya, wasu an lakafta su azaman mai saurin tashin hankali (wurin aiki mai aiki) yayin da wasu kuma aka lakafta su azaman wuribo (wurin aiki mara aiki). Kowane rukuni ya sha kwayoyi har tsawon mako guda.
2. A ƙarshen mako, hoton PET ya auna aikin kwakwalwa. Yayin binciken, ƙungiyar placebo mai aiki ta sami allurar wuribo, ana gaya mata cewa zai iya inganta yanayinsu. Placeungiyar placebo mai aiki ba ta sami allura ba.
3. Kungiyoyin biyu sun sauya nau'ikan kwaya har na tsawon mako guda. Binciken PET na biyu da aka yi a ƙarshen mako.
4. Duk mahalarta sun karɓi magani tare da magungunan antidepressant na makonni 10.

Masu bincike sun gano cewa wasu mutane sun sami tasirin maye gurbin kuma wannan tasirin ya shafi aikin kwakwalwar su da kuma martani ga masu maganin cutar. Sakamakon ya kasance:

• An sami raguwar alamun cututtukan ɓacin rai lokacin da mutane ke shan aikin maye wuri.
• Shan placebo mai aiki (gami da allurar maye gurbin) an hade shi da sikanin PET wanda ke nuna karuwar aikin kwakwalwa a yankunan da ke hade da motsin rai da ka'idar danniya.
• Mutanen da suka sami ƙarin ƙarfin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya a cikin wannan yanki galibi suna da ingantacciyar amsa ga magungunan ƙwarin guiwar da aka yi amfani da su a ƙarshen binciken.

Me har yanzu ba mu fahimta ba?

Duk da yake an lura da tasirin wuribo a cikin yanayi da yawa, har yanzu akwai abubuwa da yawa game da shi wanda ba mu fahimta ba. Karatuna suna gudana kuma muna koya koyaushe kowace shekara.

Ofayan manyan tambayoyin shine haɗin tsakanin hankali da jiki. Ta yaya abubuwan halayyar halayyar mutum kamar tsammanin suke shafar abin da ke faruwa a cikinmu?

Mun san cewa tasirin wuribo na iya haifar da sakin ƙananan ƙananan ƙwayoyi kamar neurotransmitters da hormones. Wadannan zasu iya hulɗa tare da wasu sassan jiki don haifar da canje-canje. Koyaya, har yanzu muna buƙatar yin ƙarin cikakkun bayanai game da takamaiman waɗannan ma'amala masu rikitarwa.

Bugu da ƙari, tasirin wuribo yana da tasiri sosai akan wasu alamun alamun, kamar ciwo ko ɓacin rai, kuma ba wasu ba. Wannan ya kawo ƙarin tambayoyi.

Tambayoyi masu gudana game da tasirin wuribo

• Waɗanne alamun cututtuka ne tasirin tasirin wuribo ya shafa? Idan haka ne, menene girman tasirin?
• Shin amfani da wuribo don waɗannan alamun alamun yana da tasiri ko tasiri fiye da amfani da magunguna?
• Tasirin wuribo na iya inganta wasu alamun amma ba magani ba. Shin da'a ne don amfani da placebo maimakon magani?

Layin kasa

Placebo kwaya ce, allura, ko wani abu da ya bayyana magani ne na likita, amma ba haka bane. Misali na placebo zai zama kwayar sukari da ake amfani da ita a cikin rukunin sarrafawa yayin gwajin asibiti.

Tasirin wuribo shine lokacin da aka inganta ci gaban bayyanar cututtuka, duk da amfani da magani mara aiki. An yi imanin faruwa ne saboda dalilai na tunani kamar tsammanin ko yanayin yanayin gargajiya.

Bincike ya gano cewa tasirin wuribo na iya sauƙaƙa abubuwa kamar ciwo, gajiya, ko baƙin ciki. Koyaya, har yanzu ba mu san ainihin hanyoyin a jiki waɗanda ke ba da gudummawa ga wannan tasirin ba. Masana kimiyya a halin yanzu suna aiki don amsa wannan tambayar da ƙari.