Proto-Oncogenes Yayi bayani

Wadatacce

• Proto-oncogene vs. oncogene
• Aikin proto-oncogenes
• Shin proto-oncogenes na iya haifar da cutar kansa?
• Misalan proto-oncogenes
• Ras
• HER2
• Myc
• Cyclin D
• Takeaway

Menene proto-oncogene?

Kwayar halittar ku an tsara ta ne ta hanyar jerin DNA wadanda ke dauke da bayanan da suka wajaba don kwayoyin ku suyi aiki kuma suyi girma yadda ya kamata. Kwayar halitta tana dauke da umarni (lambobi) wadanda ke gaya wa kwayar kwaya ta kera wani nau'in furotin. Kowane furotin yana da aiki na musamman a jiki.

A proto-oncogene kwayar halitta ce wacce aka samo a cikin kwayar halitta. Akwai proto-oncogenes da yawa. Kowannensu yana da alhakin samar da sunadarin dake cikin kwayar halitta, rarrabuwa, da sauran matakai a cikin kwayar. Mafi yawan lokuta, wadannan kwayoyin halittar suna aiki yadda yakamata, amma wani lokacin abubuwa sukanyi kuskure.

Idan kuskure (maye gurbi) ya faru a cikin proto-oncogene, za a iya kunna kwayar halitta lokacin da bai kamata a kunna ta ba. Idan wannan ya faru, topro-oncogene na iya juyawa zuwa kwayar halittar da ba ta aiki da ake kira an oncogene. Kwayoyin halitta zasu fara yin girma ba tare da kulawa ba. Ci gaban ƙwayoyin da ba a iya sarrafawa ba yana haifar da cutar kansa.

Proto-oncogene vs. oncogene

Proto-oncogenes wasu kwayoyin halitta ne na al'ada wadanda suke taimakawa ƙwayoyin su girma. Oncogene duk wata kwayar halitta ce dake haifar da cutar kansa.

Ofaya daga cikin mahimman halayen halayyar kansa shine ci gaban ƙwayoyin cuta. Saboda proto-oncogenes suna cikin aikin ci gaban kwayar halitta, zasu iya juyawa zuwa oncogenes lokacin da maye gurbi (kuskure) ya kunna kwayar halitta har abada.

A wasu kalmomin, oncogenes nau'ikan tsarin maye gurbi ne. Mafi yawa, amma ba duka ba, oncogenes a cikin jiki suna tashi daga proto-oncogenes.

Aikin proto-oncogenes

Proto-oncogenes rukuni ne na kwayoyin al'ada a cikin kwayar halitta. Sun ƙunshi bayanan da suka dace don jikinku don sanya sunadaran da ke da alhakin:

• rayar da kwayar halitta
• hana bambancin kwayar halitta
• hana apoptosis (mutuwar kwayar halitta)

Wadannan matakai suna da mahimmanci ga ci gaban kwayar halitta da ci gaba da kuma kiyaye kyallen takarda da gabobin jikinka.

Shin proto-oncogenes na iya haifar da cutar kansa?

Proto-oncogene ba zai iya haifar da ciwon daji ba sai dai idan maye gurbi ya faru a cikin kwayar halittar da ke juya shi zuwa oncogene.

Lokacin da maye gurbi ya faru a cikin proto-oncogene, ya zama yana kunna dindindin (kunnawa). Daga nan kwayar halitta zata fara yin sunadarai da yawa wadanda suke lambobi don cigaban kwayar halitta. Ci gaban sel yana faruwa ba tare da iko ba. Wannan ɗayan siffofin keɓaɓɓiyar sikari ne.

Kowane mutum na da kwayoyin cuta a jikinsa. A zahiri, proto-oncogenes ya zama dole don rayuwar mu. Proto-oncogenes yana haifar da cutar kansa ne kawai lokacin da maye gurbi ya faru a cikin kwayar halittar da ke haifar da kwayar halittar har abada. Wannan ana kiran sa maye gurbin riba-na aiki.

Wadannan maye gurbi suma ana daukar su a matsayin maye gurbi. Wannan yana nufin cewa kwafin kwaya daya ne tak ke bukatar canzawa don karfafa cutar kansa.

Akwai aƙalla nau'ikan nau'ikan maye gurbi uku na maye gurbi wanda zai iya haifar da proto-oncogene ya zama oncogene:

• Canjin yanayi. Wannan maye gurbi yana canzawa, sakawa, ko goge daya ko 'yan nucleotides kawai a cikin jerin kwayar halitta, sakamakon kunna proto-oncogene.
• Ampara ƙaruwa. Wannan maye gurbi yana haifar da ƙarin kwafin jigidar halittar.
• Canjin chromosomal. Wannan shine lokacin da aka sake canza kwayar halitta zuwa sabon shafin chromosomal wanda zai haifar da magana mafi girma.

Dangane da Canungiyar Ciwon Sankara ta Amurka, yawancin maye gurbi da ke haifar da cutar kansa an same su ne, ba gado ba. Wannan yana nufin cewa ba a haife ku da kuskuren kwayar halitta ba. Madadin haka, canjin yana faruwa a wani lokaci yayin rayuwar ku.

Wasu daga cikin wadannan maye gurbi suna faruwa ne daga kamuwa da cuta da nau'in kwayar cuta da ake kira retrovirus. Radiation, hayaki, da sauran guba na muhalli na iya taka rawa wajen haifar da maye gurbi a cikin kwayoyin halitta. Hakanan, wasu mutane suna da saukin kamuwa da maye gurbi a cikin hanyoyin maganin su.

Misalan proto-oncogenes

Sama da hanyoyi 40 daban-daban wadanda aka gano a jikin mutum. Misalan sun hada da:

Ras

Ana kiran proto-oncogene na farko da aka nuna don juyawa zuwa oncogene Ras.

Ras ya sanya furotin na siginar-siginar kwayar ciki. Watau, Ras yana ɗaya daga cikin kunna / kashe sauyawa a cikin jerin matakai a cikin wata babbar hanyar da ta ƙarshe ke haifar da haɓakar tantanin halitta. Yaushe Ras yana canzawa, yana sanya kwayoyi don haifar da sigina mai inganta ci gaba.

Mafi yawan lokuta na cutar sankarau suna da maye gurbi a cikin Ras kwayar halitta Yawancin lokuta na huhu, ciwon hanji, da ciwan hanji suma an gano suna da maye gurbi a ciki Ras.

HER2

Wani sanannen proto-oncogene shine HER2. Wannan kwayar halitta tana sa masu karɓar furotin waɗanda ke cikin ci gaba da rabewar sel a cikin mama. Mutane da yawa da ke fama da cutar sankarar mama suna da maye gurbi a cikin su HER2 kwayar halitta Wannan nau'in kansar nono galibi ana kiransa da HER2-tabbataccen ciwon nono.

Myc

Da Myc kwayar halitta tana da alaƙa da nau'in ciwon daji da ake kira Burkitt’s lymphoma. Yana faruwa yayin canzawar chromosomal yana motsa jerin haɓakar haɓakar kwazo kusa da Myc proto-oncogene.

Cyclin D

Cyclin D wani proto-oncogene ne. Aikinta na yau da kullun shine yin furotin mai suna Rb tumo suppressor protein mai aiki.

A wasu cututtukan daji, kamar ciwace-ciwacen ƙwayoyin cuta, Cyclin D yana aiki saboda maye gurbi. A sakamakon haka, ba za ta iya sake yin aikinta na sanya furotin da ke hana maye gurbin aiki ba. Wannan kuma yana haifar da ci gaban kwayar halitta.

Takeaway

Kwayoyinku suna dauke da mahimman kwayoyin halitta wadanda ke tsara girman kwayar halitta da rarrabuwa. Hanyoyin al'ada na wadannan kwayoyin ana kiran su proto-oncogenes. Ana kiran nau'ikan maye gurbin oncogenes. Oncogenes na iya haifar da cutar kansa.

Ba za ku iya hana gabaɗaya maye gurbi daga faruwa a cikin proto-oncogene ba, amma salonku na iya yin tasiri. Kuna iya rage haɗarin kamuwa da cutar kansa ta hanyar:

• kiyaye lafiyar jiki
• yin rigakafin rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta wanda zai iya haifar da cutar kansa, kamar su hepatitis B da human papillomavirus (HPV)
• cin ingantaccen abinci mai cike da 'ya'yan itace da kayan marmari
• motsa jiki a kai a kai
• guje wa kayayyakin taba
• iyakance yawan shan giya
• ta amfani da kariyar rana idan zaka fita waje
• ganin likita a kai a kai don yin gwaji

Ko da tare da lafiyayyen salon rayuwa, canje-canje na iya faruwa a cikin proto-oncogene. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa masu bincike a halin yanzu ke duban cututtukan oncogenes a matsayin babbar manufa don magungunan ƙwayar cuta.