Menene Matakan ilimin halin ɗan Adam na Freud na Ci Gaban?

Wadatacce

• Daga ina wannan ra'ayin ya fito?
• Kowane mataki yana da alaƙa da takamaiman rikici
• Zai yiwu a sami “makale” kuma a daina ci gaba
• Matakin baka
• Matakin tsuliya
• Matakan phallic
• Hadadden Oedipus
• Electra hadaddun
• Matakin latency
• Yanayin al'aura
• Shin akwai wasu suka da za a yi la’akari da su?
• Don haka, ta yaya wannan ka'idar take a yau?
• Shin akwai wasu ra'ayoyin don la'akari?
• Layin kasa

Shin kun taɓa jin waɗannan kalmomin "azzakari mai hassada," "hadadden Oedipal," ko "gyaran baki"?

Dukkanin sanannen masanin halayyar dan adam Sigmund Freud ne ya kirkiresu a matsayin wani ɓangare na kaidarsa ta cigaban maza da mata.

Ba za mu yi karya ba - ba tare da PhD a cikin ilimin halin ɗan adam ba, ra'ayoyin Freud na iya yin sauti kamar gaba ɗaya mai yiwuwa.

Ba damuwa! Mun kafa wannan jagorar tattaunawar don taimaka muku fahimtar abin da ci gaban halayen mata yake da shi.

Daga ina wannan ra'ayin ya fito?

"Ka'idar ta samo asali ne daga Freud a farkon shekarun 1900 a matsayin wata hanya ta fahimta da bayanin rashin tabin hankali da hargitsi na motsin rai," in ji mai ilimin kwantar da hankali Dana Dorfman, PhD.

Kowane mataki yana da alaƙa da takamaiman rikici

Ka'idar ta fi ta kek da bikin aure yawa, amma ya faɗi haka: Jin daɗin jima'i na taka muhimmiyar rawa ga ci gaban ɗan adam.

A cewar Freud, kowane ɗa "lafiyayye" yana rayuwa ta matakai daban-daban guda biyar:

• na baka
• dubura
• falmal
• latent
• al'aura

Kowane mataki yana da alaƙa da takamaiman ɓangaren jiki, ko mafi mahimmanci, yankin ɓarna.

Kowane yanki shine tushen jin daɗi da rikici yayin matakan sa.

"Aarfin yaro don warware wannan rikici yana ƙayyade ko sun sami damar matsawa zuwa mataki na gaba," in ji mai ba da shawara na ƙwararren mai ba da shawara Dr. Mark Mayfield, wanda ya kafa kuma Shugaba na Cibiyoyin Ba da Shawara na Mayfield.

Zai yiwu a sami “makale” kuma a daina ci gaba

Idan kun warware rikice-rikice a cikin matakin da aka bayar, kuna ci gaba zuwa matakin gaba na gaba.

Amma idan wani abu ya rikice, Freud yayi imani zaku tsaya dai-dai inda kuke.

Ko dai ku kasance a makale, ba ku ci gaba zuwa mataki na gaba ba, ko ci gaba amma ku nuna ragowar ko al'amuran da ba a warware su ba daga matakin da ya gabata.

Freud yayi imani akwai dalilai guda biyu da mutane suka makale:

1. Ba a cika biyan bukatunsu na ci gaba yadda ya kamata ba yayin matakin, wanda ya haifar da takaici.
2. Bukatun ci gaban su shine don haka da kyau sun sadu da cewa ba sa so su bar yanayin annashuwa.

Dukansu na iya haifar da abin da ya kira "gyarawa" a kan yankin ɓarna da ke tattare da matakin.

Misali, kowane mutum “ya makale” a cikin matakin baka na iya jin daɗin samun abubuwa a bakinsu.

Matakin baka

• Yawan shekaru: Haihuwa zuwa shekara 1
• Yankin Yanayi: Baki

Sauri: Yi tunani game da jariri. Akwai damar da zaka hango wani dan iska wanda yake zaune akan bumansu, yana murmushi, kuma yana shan yatsunsu.

Da kyau, a cewar Freud, a lokacin wannan matakin farko na ci gaban, libido na ɗan adam yana bakinsu. Ma'ana bakin shine tushen tushen ni'ima.

"Wannan matakin yana da nasaba da shayarwa, cizon, tsotsa, da kuma binciken duniya ta hanyar sanya abubuwa a baki," in ji Dokta Dorfman.

Ka’idar Freud ta ce abubuwa kamar cingam da yawan cingam, cizon farce, da tsotsar yatsun hannu sun samo asali ne daga gamsuwa kaɗan ko ta yawaita a lokacin yaro.

"Cin abinci fiye da kima, yawan shan giya, da shan sigari suma an ce sun samo asali ne daga mummunan ci gaban wannan matakin farko," in ji ta.

Matakin tsuliya

• Yawan shekaru: Shekaru 1 zuwa 3
• Yankin Yanayi: dubura da mafitsara

Sanya abubuwa cikin mashigar dubura na iya kasancewa a halin yanzu, amma a cikin wannan matakin ana samun ni'ima ba daga sakawa ba cikin, amma turawa daga, dubura.

Yep, wannan lambar don pooping.

Freud yayi imani cewa a wannan matakin, koyarda tukwane da koyon sarrafa hanjin ka da mafitsara babban tushen jin dadi ne da tashin hankali.

Horar da bayan gida shine asali iyaye suna gayawa yaro lokacin da kuma inda zasu iya yin sautu, kuma shine farkon haɗuwa da mutum tare da iko.

Ka'idar ta ce yadda iyaye suka kusanci tsarin koyar da bayan gida yana tasiri yadda wani zaiyi mu'amala da hukuma yayin da suka girma.

Harsh potty horo ana tunanin haifar da manya don yin jinkirin raɗaɗi: masu kamala, waɗanda suka damu da tsabta, da sarrafawa.

Horar da sassaucin ra'ayi, a gefe guda, an ce zai sa mutum ya zama mai saurin fitar mutum ta jiki: rikici, rashin tsari, wuce gona da iri, da kuma rashin iyakoki.

Matakan phallic

• Yawan shekaru: Shekaru 3 zuwa 6
• Yankin Yanayi: al'aura, musamman azzakari

Kamar yadda zaku iya tsammani daga sunan, wannan matakin ya shafi gyarawa akan azzakari.

Freud ya ba da shawarar cewa ga samari, wannan yana nufin son zuciya da azzakarin nasu.

Ga girlsan mata, wannan na nufin gyarawa akan cewa basu da azzakari, kwarewar da ya kira "azzakari mai hassada."

Hadadden Oedipus

Hadadden Oedipus na ɗaya daga cikin ra'ayoyin Freud da ke da rikici.

Ya dogara ne da tatsuniyar Girkanci inda wani saurayi mai suna Oedipus ya kashe mahaifinsa sannan ya auri mahaifiyarsa. Lokacin da ya gano abin da ya aikata, sai ya fid da idanunsa waje.

"Freud ya yi amannar cewa kowane yaro yana sha'awar mahaifiyarsa," in ji Dokta Mayfield.

Kuma cewa kowane yaro yasan cewa idan mahaifinsa ya gano hakan, mahaifinsa zai cire abin da ƙaramin yaron ya fi so a duniya: azzakarinsa.

Anan akwai ƙarancin damuwa.

A cewar Freud, yara sun yanke shawara su zama iyayen su - ta hanyar kwaikwayo - maimakon yaƙe su.

Freud ya kira wannan "ganewa" kuma yayi imani cewa a ƙarshe shine yadda aka warware matsalar Oedipus.

Electra hadaddun

Wani masanin halayyar dan adam, Carl Jung, ya kirkiri “Electra Complex” a shekarar 1913 don bayyana irin wannan abin da ya shafi ‘yan mata.

A taƙaice, ya ce 'yan mata' yan mata suna gasa tare da iyayensu mata don kulawar jima'i daga iyayensu maza.

Amma Freud ya ƙi lambar, yana jayayya cewa jinsi biyu suna fuskantar kwarewa ta musamman a wannan matakin da bai kamata a haɗa su ba.

To menene yi Freud ya yi imani ya faru da 'yan mata a wannan matakin?

Ya ba da shawarar cewa 'yan mata suna son mahaifiyarsu har sai sun fahimci cewa ba su da azzakari, sannan kuma su kara shakuwa da mahaifinsu.

Daga baya, sun fara zama tare da iyayensu mata saboda tsoron rasa soyayyar su - lamarin da ya kirkiro da "halayyar Oedipus ta mata."

Ya yi imanin wannan matakin yana da mahimmanci ga 'yan mata su fahimci matsayinsu na mata a duniya, da kuma jima'i.

Matakin latency

• Yawan shekaru: Shekara 7 zuwa 10, ko makarantar firamare ta hanyar preadolescence
• Yankin Yanayi: N / A, jin daɗin jima'i ba ya aiki

A lokacin matakin latti, libido yana cikin “kar a tayar da hankali.”

Freud yayi jayayya cewa wannan shine lokacin da aka ba da damar yin jima'i cikin himma, ayyukan yau da kullun kamar ilmantarwa, abubuwan nishaɗi, da zamantakewar jama'a.

Ya ji cewa wannan matakin shine lokacin da mutane suka haɓaka ƙoshin lafiya da ƙwarewar sadarwa.

Ya yi imanin gazawar motsawa cikin wannan matakin na iya haifar da rashin balaga na rayuwa, ko rashin samun da ci gaba da farin ciki, lafiya, da cika dangantaka ta jima'i da jima'i ba tare da girma ba.

Yanayin al'aura

• Yawan shekaru: 12 da sama, ko balaga har zuwa mutuwa
• Yankin Yanayi: al'aura

Mataki na ƙarshe a cikin wannan ka'idar ya fara tun lokacin balaga kuma, kamar "Grey's Anatomy," ba ya ƙarewa. Yana da lokacin da libido ya sake dawowa.

A cewar Freud, wannan shi ne lokacin da mutum ya fara samun sha'awar jima'i mai ƙarfi game da kishiyar jinsi.

Kuma, idan matakin ya ci nasara, wannan shine lokacin da masu goyon baya ke saduwa da namiji da kuma haɓaka soyayya, dangantaka ta rayuwa tare da wani jinsi.

Shin akwai wasu suka da za a yi la’akari da su?

Idan kuna karantawa ta matakai daban-daban kuna kuma juya idanunku kan yadda bambancin ra'ayi tsakanin maza da mata, binaristic, misogynistic, da kuma son auren mace daya daga cikin wadannan ra'ayoyin suke, ba ku kadai ba!

Dokta Dorfman ya ce ana yawan sukar Freud kan yadda maza suka mayar da hankali, yanayin halittar juna, da kuma yadda ake gudanar da wadannan matakan.

"Yayin da yake neman sauyi a lokacinsa, al'umma ta samu ci gaba sosai tun daga asalin wadannan ka'idojin sama da shekaru 100 da suka gabata," in ji ta. "Mafi yawan ka'idojin na da dadaddu ne, basu da mahimmanci, kuma sun nuna son kai."

Amma kar a juya shi, ko da yake. Freud har yanzu yana da mahimmanci a fagen ilimin halin ɗan adam.

"Ya tura iyakoki, ya yi tambayoyi, kuma ya kirkiro ka'idar da ta karfafa tare da kalubalantar al'ummomi da dama don gano bangarori daban-daban na halayyar dan adam," in ji Dokta Mayfield.

"Ba za mu kasance a inda muke a yau ba a cikin tsarin iliminmu idan Freud bai fara aikin ba."

Kai, daraja inda daraja ta dace!

Don haka, ta yaya wannan ka'idar take a yau?

A yau, mutane ƙalilan ne ke ba da goyon baya ga matakan ci gaban ɗan adam na Freud kamar yadda aka rubuta.

Koyaya, kamar yadda Dokta Dorfman ya bayyana, mahimmancin wannan ka'idar ta jaddada cewa abubuwan da muke fuskanta yayin yara suna da tasiri mai girma a kan ɗabi'unmu kuma suna da sakamako mai ɗorewa - jigo ne cewa yawancin ra'ayoyin yau da kullun game da halayen ɗan adam sun samo asali ne daga.

Shin akwai wasu ra'ayoyin don la'akari?

"Na'am!" in ji Dr. Mayfield. "Akwai da yawa da za a kirga!"

Wasu daga cikin sanannun ka'idodin sun haɗa da:

• Matakan Ci Gaban Erik Erickson
• Jean Piaget Milestones na Ci gaba
• Matakan Lawrence Kohlberg na Ci gaban Moabi'a

Wannan ya ce, babu wata yarjejeniya a kan ka'idar "dama" daya.

"Matsalar ka'idojin matakan ci gaba ita ce, galibi suna sanya mutane a cikin akwati kuma ba sa ba da damar banbancin ra'ayi ko masu fita waje," in ji Dokta Mayfield.

Kowannensu yana da nasa fa'idodi da abubuwan da zai yi la’akari da shi, don haka yana da muhimmanci mu kalli kowane tunani a cikin yanayin lokacinsa da kuma kowane mutum gaba ɗaya.

Mayfield ya ce "Duk da yake ka'idojin wasan kwaikwayo na iya zama masu taimako don fahimtar alamomin ci gaba a yayin tafiyar ci gaba, yana da muhimmanci a tuna cewa akwai dubban masu ba da gudummawa daban daban ga ci gaban mutum.

Layin kasa

Yanzu an yi la'akari da tsufa, matakan haɓaka na halin ɗan Adam na Freud ba su da dacewa sosai.

Amma saboda su ne tushe don yawancin ra'ayoyin zamani game da ci gaba, ya zama dole ne a sani ga mutanen da suka taɓa yin mamakin, "Ta yaya mutum yake zama?"

Gabrielle Kassel marubuciya ce da ke zaune a New York kuma marubuciya ce ta lafiya kuma mai koyarwa na CrossFit Level 1. Ta zama mutumin safiya, an gwada ta sama da 200, kuma ta ci, ta sha, an kuma goge ta da gawayi - duk da sunan aikin jarida. A lokacin hutu, za a same ta tana karanta littattafan taimakon kai da kai da kuma littattafan soyayya, matsi a benci, ko rawa rawa. Bi ta akan Instagram.