Daga Tsarin Halitta zuwa LSD: Masu bincike 7 waɗanda suka Gwada kan Kansu

Wadatacce

• Don mafi kyau ko mara kyau, waɗannan masu binciken sun canza kimiyya
• Santorio Santorio (1561-1636)
• John Hunter (1728–1793)
• Daniel Alcides Carrión (1857-1885)
• Barry Marshall (1951–)
• David Pritchard (1941–)
• Bier na Agusta (1861–1949)
• Albert Hofmann (1906–2008)
• Abin godiya, kimiyya ta yi nisa

Don mafi kyau ko mara kyau, waɗannan masu binciken sun canza kimiyya

Tare da abubuwan al'ajabi na maganin zamani, yana da sauƙi a manta cewa yawancin shi ba a taɓa sani ba.

A hakikanin gaskiya, wasu daga cikin manyan magunguna na yau (kamar maganin kashin baya) da kuma tsarin jiki (kamar abubuwan da muke shakawa) sai kawai aka fahimta ta hanyar gwajin kai - ma’ana, masana kimiyya wadanda suka kuskura suka “gwada shi a gida.”

Duk da yake muna da sa'a yanzu don samun ƙwararrun gwaji na asibiti, wannan ba koyaushe bane lamarin. Wasu lokuta masu ƙarfin hali, wani lokacin ɓatattu, waɗannan masana kimiyya guda bakwai sun gudanar da gwaje-gwaje a kansu kuma sun ba da gudummawa ga fannin likita kamar yadda muka san shi a yau.

Santorio Santorio (1561-1636)

An haife shi a Venice a 1561, Santorio Santorio ya ba da gudummawa sosai a fagen sa yayin da yake aiki a matsayin likita mai zaman kansa ga masu martaba sannan daga baya ya zama shugaban ilimin likitanci a Jami'ar Padua da aka yaba a lokacin - gami da ɗaya daga cikin masu sa ido na zuciya na farko.

Amma babbar da'awar sa ta shahara shine tsananin damuwarsa da auna kansa.

Ya ƙirƙiri babban kujera da zai iya zama don lura da nauyinsa. Garshen wasansa ya auna nauyin kowane abincin da ya ci kuma ya ga nauyin da ya ragu yayin da yake narkewa.

Kamar yadda yake baƙon abu kamar yadda yake sauti, ya kasance mai tsarguwa, kuma matakansa daidai ne.

Ya dauki cikakken bayanin irin abincin da yake ci da kuma nauyin da yake ci a kowace rana, daga karshe ya kammala da cewa ya rasa rabin fam kowace rana tsakanin lokacin cin abinci da lokacin bayan gida.

Ba zai iya yin bayanin yadda “fitowar sa” ta kasance kasa da abin da yake ci ba, da farko ya sanya wannan ne har zuwa “gumi mara tasiri,” ma’ana muna numfashi da zufa daga wasu abubuwan da jikinmu ke narkar da abubuwa marasa ganuwa.

Wannan tunanin yana da ɗan gajimare a lokacin, amma yanzu mun san yana da masaniya da wuri game da aiwatar da rayuwa. Kusan kowane likita a yau na iya gode wa Santorio saboda aza harsashin fahimtar da muke da shi game da wannan mahimmin tsari na jiki.

John Hunter (1728–1793)

Ba duk gwaje-gwajen kai tsaye suke tafiya da kyau ba, kodayake.

A cikin karni na 18, yawan mutanen London ya karu sosai. Yayinda aikin jima'i ya zama ruwan dare gama gari kuma kwaroron roba basu kasance ba tukunna, cututtukan da ake ɗauka ta hanyar jima'i (STDs) suna yaɗuwa da sauri fiye da yadda mutane zasu iya koyo game dasu.

Mutane kalilan ne suka san yadda waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta ke aiki fiye da yadda ake watsa su ta hanyar haɗuwa da jima'i. Babu ilimin kimiyya kan yadda suka bunkasa ko kuma idan wani yana da alaƙa da wani.

John Hunter, likitan da aka fi sani don taimakawa ƙirƙirar allurar rigakafin cutar shan inna, ya yi imanin cewa cutar ta STD farkon farawa ce ta cutar sihiri. Ya yi tunanin cewa idan za a iya maganin kwarkwata da wuri, zai hana alamun ta ci gaba da zama syphilis.

Yin wannan bambanci zai tabbatar da mahimmanci. Duk da cewa cutar sankarau abar kyawu ce ba mai saurin kisa ba, syphilis na iya canza rayuwa har ma da mummunan sakamako.

Don haka, mai farauta Hunter ya sanya ruwa daga ɗaya daga cikin marasa lafiyarsa da cutar gonorrhoea cikin cutarwa kai tsaye a kan azzakarinsa don ya ga yadda cutar ke gudana. Lokacin da Hunter ya fara nuna alamun cututtukan duka biyu, yayi tunanin zaiyi nasara.

Ya juya, ya kasance sosai ba daidai ba

A zahiri, mara lafiyar da ake zargin ya ɗauke mashi daga yana da duka biyun STDs.

Hunter ya ba kansa cuta mai ciwo na jima'i kuma ya hana binciken STD kusan kusan rabin karni ba tare da hamayya ba. Mafi muni kuma, ya shawo kan likitoci da yawa don yin amfani da tururin mercury kawai tare da yanke cututtukan da ke dauke da cutar, yana ganin zai dakatar da cutar syphilis daga ci gaba.

Fiye da shekaru 50 bayan "ganowa," ka'idar Hunter ta kasance ta ƙarshe ta ƙaryata lokacin da likitan Faransa Philippe Ricord, wani ɓangare na yawan masu bincike game da ka'idar Hunter (da kuma hanyar rigimarsa ta gabatar da STD ga mutanen da ba su da su), da gaske aka gwada samfuran daga raunuka akan mutanen da ke da cuta ɗaya ko duka biyun.

Ricord daga ƙarshe ya gano cewa cututtukan biyu sun rabu. Bincike akan waɗannan STD guda biyu sun ci gaba sosai daga can.

Daniel Alcides Carrión (1857-1885)

Wasu masu gwaji kai-da-kai sun biya babban farashi don neman fahimtar lafiyar ɗan adam da cuta. Kuma kaɗan sun dace da wannan lissafin da kuma Daniel Carrión.

Yayinda yake karatu a Magajin garin Universidad de San Marcos a Lima, Peru, ɗalibin likitancin Carrión ya sami labarin ɓarkewar wani mummunan zazzabi a cikin garin La Oroya. Ma’aikatan jirgin kasa da ke wurin sun kamu da karancin jini a wani bangare na wani yanayi da ake kira “zazzabin Oroya.”

Kadan ne suka fahimci yadda aka haifar da wannan cutar ko kuma aka watsa ta. Amma Carrión yana da ka'ida: Akwai hanyar haɗi tsakanin manyan alamun cutar zazzabin Oroya da na yau da kullun "verruga peruana," ko "Peru warts." Kuma yana da ra'ayin gwada wannan ka'idar: allurar kansa da kwayoyin cutar da ke dauke da cutar kuma ya ga ko ya fara zazzabin.

Don haka abin da ya yi ke nan.

A watan Agusta 1885, ya ɗauki ƙwayar cuta daga wani mara lafiya ɗan shekaru 14 kuma ya sa abokan aikinsa suka yi masa allurar a hannuwansa biyu. Fiye da wata ɗaya bayan haka, Carrión ya ci gaba da bayyanar cututtuka masu tsanani, kamar zazzaɓi, sanyi, da matsanancin gajiya. A ƙarshen Satumba na 1885, ya mutu daga zazzaɓi.

Amma burinsa na koyo game da cutar da taimakawa wadanda suka kamu da ita ya haifar da bincike mai zurfi a cikin karnin da ya biyo baya, hakan ya sa masana kimiyya gano kwayoyin cutar da ke haifar da zazzabi da kuma koyon magance cutar. Magadansa sun sanya sharadin don tunawa da gudummawar da ya bayar.

Barry Marshall (1951–)

Ba duk gwaje-gwajen kai masu haɗari suke ƙarewa cikin bala'i ba, kodayake.

A cikin 1985, Barry Marshall, wani kwararren likitan ciki a asibitin Royal Perth a Ostiraliya, da takwaransa na bincike, J. Robin Warren, sun yi takaicin shekaru masu yawa ba da shawarwarin bincike game da kwayar hanji.

Tunaninsu shine cewa kwayoyin cuta na hanji na iya haifar da cututtukan ciki - a wannan yanayin, Helicobacter pylori - amma mujallar bayan mujallar ta yi watsi da da'awar tasu, ta hanyar samun hujjojinsu daga al'adun dakin gwaje-gwaje marasa gamsarwa.

Filin likitanci bai yi imani a lokacin ba cewa ƙwayoyin cuta na iya rayuwa cikin ruwan ciki. Amma Marshall ya kasance. Don haka, ya ɗauki al'amura a hannunsa. Ko a wannan yanayin, nasa ciki.

Ya sha wani bayani dauke da H. pylori, yana tunanin zai sami gyambon ciki a wani lokaci a nan gaba. Amma da sauri ya sami ƙananan alamun, kamar tashin zuciya da warin baki. Kuma a cikin ƙasa da mako guda, shi ma ya fara amai.

Yayin wani binciken kwalliya jim kadan bayan haka, an gano cewa H. pylori ya riga ya cika cikinsa tare da ci gaban mulkin mallaka. Marshall dole ne ya sha maganin rigakafi don kiyaye kamuwa da cutar daga haifar da mummunan kumburi da cututtukan ciki.

Ya zama: Kwayar cuta na iya haifar da cututtukan ciki.

Wahalar da ta sha ya dace sosai lokacin da aka ba shi da Warren lambar yabo ta Nobel a magani don gano su a kan kuɗin Marshall (na kusa da mutuwa).

Kuma mafi mahimmanci, har zuwa yau, maganin rigakafi don yanayin ciki kamar ulcers ulcer ya haifar H. pylori kwayoyin cuta a yanzu ana samun su sosai ga mutane sama da miliyan 6 da ke karbar maganin wadannan cututtukan marurai a kowace shekara.

David Pritchard (1941–)

Idan shan kwayar hanji ba ta isa ba, David Pritchard, farfesa a kan ilimin rigakafi a Jami’ar Nottingham da ke Burtaniya, ya ma kara tabbatar da batun.

Pritchard ya narkar da kwaya 50 na parasitic a hannunsa kuma ya ba su damar rarrafe ta cikin fatarsa ​​don cutar da shi.

Chilling.

Amma Pritchard yana da takamaiman manufa a zuciya lokacin da ya gudanar da wannan gwajin a 2004. Ya yi imanin cewa cutar da kanka da shi Necator americanus ƙuƙwarƙwara na iya sa rashin lafiyar ku ta fi kyau.

Ta yaya ya zo da irin wannan tunanin na waje?

Matashin Pritchard ya bi ta Papua New Guinea a lokacin shekarun 1980 kuma ya lura cewa mazauna yankin da ke da wannan nau'in kamuwa da cutar ƙwarƙwara suna da alamun rashin lafiyan da ke ƙasa da takwarorinsu da ba su da kamuwa da cutar.

Ya ci gaba da haɓaka wannan ka'idar a kusan shekaru 20, har sai da ya yanke shawarar lokaci ya yi da za a gwada shi - a kan kansa.

Gwajin Pritchard ya nuna cewa ƙananan cututtukan hookworm na iya rage alamomin rashin lafiyan ta hanyar abubuwan da ke haifar da cutar wanda hakan zai haifar da kumburi, kamar waɗanda ke haifar da yanayi kamar asma.

Karatun karatu da yawa da ke gwada ka'idar Pritchard an riga an gudanar da su, kuma tare da sakamako mai gauraya.

Nazarin 2017 a cikin Clinical and Translational Immunology ya gano cewa hookworms suna ɓoye furotin da ake kira protein-anti-inflammatory protein 2 (AIP-2), wanda zai iya horar da garkuwar jikin ku don kada kumburin kyallen takarda lokacin da kuke shaƙar rashin lafiyan ko asma. Wannan furotin na iya amfani dashi a maganin asma na gaba.

Amma a cikin Clinical & Experimental Allergy ba shi da bege. Ba a sami tasiri na gaske daga ƙuƙwalwar ƙwayoyi a kan alamun asma ba tare da ƙaramin ci gaba a cikin numfashi.

A yanzu haka, har ma ana iya harbe ku da ƙuƙwalwa da kanka - don farashi mai sauƙi na $ 3,900.

Amma idan kun kasance a wurin da kuke yin la'akari da ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa, muna ba da shawarar bin ƙarin maganin rashin lafiyar da aka tabbatar, irin su allergen immunotherapy ko over-the-counter antihistamines.

Bier na Agusta (1861–1949)

Yayinda wasu masana kimiyya ke canza hanyar magani don tabbatar da wani zato mai karfi, wasu, kamar likitan likita dan kasar Jamus August Bier, suna yin hakan ne don amfanin marasa lafiyar su.

A shekarar 1898, daya daga cikin marasa lafiyar Bier a asibitin Royal tiyata na jami’ar Kiel a kasar Jamus ya ki yin tiyata don cutar ciwon duwawu, saboda yana da wasu munanan halayen ga cutar ta riga-kafi yayin ayyukan da suka gabata.

Don haka Bier ya ba da shawarar madadin: allurar hodar iblis kai tsaye ta shiga cikin lakar kashin baya.

Kuma ya yi aiki. Tare da hodar iblis a cikin kashin bayan sa, mara lafiyar ya kasance a farke yayin aikin ba tare da jin zafin ciwo ba. Amma 'yan kwanaki bayan haka, mai haƙuri yana da mummunan amai da ciwo.

Bier ya ƙudura niyyar inganta abin da ya gano, Bier ya ɗauka wa kansa wajan kammala hanyarsa ta hanyar tambayar mataimakinsa, August Hildebrandt, don ya yi amfani da wani sabon fasalin wannan maganin na hodar a cikin kashin bayan sa.

Amma Hildebrandt ya tsinke allurar ta hanyar amfani da girman allura ba daidai ba, yana haifar da ruwan ciki da hodar iblis sun zubo daga cikin allurar yayin da har yanzu suke makale a cikin kashin Bier. Don haka Bier ya sami ra'ayin gwada allurar akan Hildebrandt maimakon.

Kuma ya yi aiki. Awanni da yawa, Hildebrandt bai ji komai ba. Bier ya gwada wannan ta hanyoyin da suka fi dacewa. Ya ja gashin Hildebrandt, ya ƙone fatarsa, har ma ya matse ƙwayarsa.

Duk da yake duk kokarin Bier da Hildebrandt sun haifar da maganin rigakafin allurar kai tsaye zuwa cikin kashin baya (kamar yadda ake amfani da shi har yanzu), maza sun ji tsoro na mako guda ko makamancin haka.

Amma yayin da Bier ya zauna a gida ya samu sauki, Hildebrandt, a matsayin mataimaki, dole ne ya rufe Bier a asibiti yayin murmurewa. Hildebrandt bai taɓa shawo kansa ba (a fahimta), kuma ya katse alaƙar sa da Bier.

Albert Hofmann (1906–2008)

Kodayake lysergic acid diethylamide (wacce aka fi sani da LSD) galibi ana alakanta ta da hippies, LSD tana ƙara zama sananniya kuma ana nazari sosai. Mutane suna shan microdoses na LSD saboda fa'idodi da ake nunawa: don su zama masu ƙwarewa, dakatar da shan sigari, har ma suna da ra'ayoyi game da rayuwa game da rayuwa.

Amma LSD kamar yadda muka san shi a yau mai yiwuwa ba zai kasance ba tare da Albert Hofmann ba.

Kuma Hofmann, haifaffen Switzerland wanda ya yi aiki a masana'antar hada magunguna, ya gano shi kwatsam.

Hakan ya faro ne wata rana a cikin shekarar 1938, lokacin da Hofmann ke ta aikin lamuran sa a Sandoz Laboratories a Basel, Switzerland. Yayinda yake hada kayan aikin shuka don amfani dasu a magunguna, ya hada abubuwan da aka samo daga lysergic acid da abubuwa daga squill, wani magani mai magani wanda Masarawa, Helenawa, da sauran su suka yi amfani dashi shekaru aru aru.

Da farko, bai yi komai tare da cakuda ba. Amma shekaru biyar bayan haka, a ranar 19 ga Afrilu, 1943, Hofmann ya sake yin gwaji tare da shi, tare da tunanin taɓa fuskarsa ba tare da tunani ba, ya cinye wasu ba da gangan ba.

Bayan haka, ya ba da rahoton jin natsuwa, jiri, da ɗan maye. Amma lokacin da ya rufe idanunsa ya fara ganin kyawawan hotuna, hotuna, da launuka a cikin zuciyarsa, sai ya fahimci cewa wannan baƙon abu da ya ƙirƙira a wurin aiki yana da damar da ba za a iya yarda da ita ba.

Don haka washegari, sai ya ƙara ƙoƙari. Kuma yayin da yake hawa kekensa zuwa gida, ya sake jin tasirin hakan: farkon tafiya ta gaskiya ta LSD.

Yanzu ana kiran wannan ranar da Ranar Keke (19 ga Afrilu, 1943) saboda yadda LSD za ta zama daga baya ta zama: Dukan ƙarni na “’ ya’yan furannin ”sun ɗauki LSD don“ faɗaɗa tunaninsu ”ƙasa da shekaru ashirin daga baya kuma, kwanan nan, zuwa bincika amfaninta na magani.

Abin godiya, kimiyya ta yi nisa

A zamanin yau, babu wani dalili na ƙwararren mai bincike - ƙarancin mutum na yau da kullun - don sanya jikinsu cikin haɗari ta irin waɗannan mawuyacin hanyoyin.

Duk da yake hanyar gwajin kai-tsaye, musamman a cikin hanyar magungunan gida da kari, na iya zama lallai jaraba, haɗari ne da ba dole ba. Magunguna a yau suna cikin gwaji mai tsauri kafin ta faɗa kan ɗakunan ajiya. Hakanan muna da sa'a don samun dama ga tarin binciken likitanci wanda ke ba mu ikon yin shawarwari masu lafiya da lafiya.

Waɗannan masu binciken sun yi waɗannan sadaukarwa don haka marasa lafiya na gaba ba za su yi hakan ba. Don haka, hanya mafi kyau don gode musu ita ce kula da kanku - kuma ku bar hodar iblis, amai, da kunkorin ga kwararru.

Tim Jewell marubuci ne, edita ne, kuma masanin ilimin harshe da ke zaune a Chino Hills, CA. Ayyukansa sun bayyana a cikin wallafe-wallafe da manyan kamfanonin kiwon lafiya da kamfanonin watsa labaru, gami da Healthline da Kamfanin Walt Disney.