Tsarin narkewa: ayyuka, gabobi da tsarin narkewar abinci

Wadatacce

• Gabobin tsarin narkewar abinci
• Ta yaya narkewa ke faruwa
• 1. Narkar da abinci a cikin ramin oropharyngeal
• 2. Narkar da ciki
• 3. Narkarda cikin karamin hanji
• Abin da zai iya tsoma baki tare da narkewa

Tsarin narkewar abinci, wanda ake kira narkewa ko kuma gastro-intestinal (SGI) yana daya daga cikin manyan tsarin jikin dan adam kuma shine ke da alhakin sarrafa abinci da kuma shan abubuwan gina jiki, wanda yake ba da damar aiki yadda yakamata na jiki. Wannan tsarin ya ƙunshi mutane da yawa, waɗanda suke aiki tare don aiwatar da waɗannan manyan ayyuka:

• Inganta narkar da sunadarai, carbohydrates da lipids a cikin abinci da abubuwan sha da aka sha;
• Sha ruwa da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta;
• Ba da shinge na zahiri da na rigakafi ga ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, jikin baƙi da antigens da aka cinye tare da abinci.

Don haka, SGI shine ke da alhakin daidaita tsarin rayuwa da kuma tsarin garkuwar jiki, don ci gaba da gudanar da rayuwar kwayar halitta.

Gabobin tsarin narkewar abinci

Tsarin narkewa yana dauke da gabobi wadanda suke ba da damar gudanar da abinci ko abin sha wanda kuma aka sha, kuma a kan hanyar, shan muhimman abubuwan gina jiki don gudanar da aikin kwayoyin. Wannan tsarin ya faro daga baki zuwa dubura, tare da gabobinsa:

1. Baki: ke da alhakin karɓar abinci da rage girman ƙwayoyin don a iya narkewa kuma a sauƙaƙe su, ban da cakuda shi da miyau;
2. Maganin ciki: ke da alhakin jigilar abinci da ruwan sha daga kogon bakin zuwa ciki;
3. Ciki: yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin ajiyar ɗan lokaci da narkar da abincin da aka ci;
4. Intananan hanji: ke da alhakin yawancin narkewa da shayarwar abinci kuma yana karɓar ɓoyayyun abubuwa daga ƙoshin ciki da hanta, waɗanda ke taimakawa wannan aikin;
5. Babban hanji: shine inda shan ruwa da lantarki ke faruwa. Wannan kwayar cutar ita ce ke da alhakin adana kayayyakin abinci na narkewa na wani lokaci wanda zai zama silar hada kwayoyin wasu kwayoyin bitamin;
6. Rectum da dubura: sune ke da alhakin kula da bayan gida.

Baya ga gabobi, tsarin narkewa yana kunshe da enzymes da yawa wadanda ke ba da tabbacin narkewar abinci daidai, manyan sune:

• Amylase na salivary, ko ptialina, wanda yake a cikin bakin kuma yana da alhakin farkon narkewar sitaci;
• Pepsin, wanda shine babban enzyme a cikin ciki kuma shine ke da alhakin raunin sunadarai;
• Lipase, wanda shima yake a cikin ciki kuma yana inganta narkewar abinci na farko na kitse. Shi wannan enzyme din ma ana yinsa ne ta hanyar pancreas kuma yana yin irin wannan aikin;
• Trypsin, wanda aka samo shi a cikin ƙananan hanji kuma yana haifar da lalacewar ƙwayoyin mai da glycerol.

Mafi yawan abubuwan gina jiki ba za a iya sha su cikin yanayin su saboda girman su ko kuma gaskiyar cewa ba su narkewa ba. Don haka, tsarin narkewar abinci shine ke da alhakin canza wadannan manya-manyan kwayar zuwa cikin karami, mai narkewa wanda zai iya saurin shanyewa, wanda yafi hakan saboda samar da enzymes masu narkewa da yawa.

Ta yaya narkewa ke faruwa

Tsarin narkewa yana farawa tare da shayarwar abinci ko abin sha kuma ya ƙare tare da sakin najasa. Narkar da sinadarin ‘carbohydrates’ yana farawa ne a cikin baki, kodayake narkewar ya yi kadan, yayin da narkewar sunadarai da lipids ke farawa a cikin ciki. Yawancin narkewar abincin da ke dauke da sinadarin carbohydrates, sunadarai da kitse suna faruwa ne a cikin kason farko na karamin hanji.

Lokacin narkewar abinci ya bambanta gwargwadon ƙimar da halaye na abincin da aka cinye, kuma zai iya ɗaukar tsawon awanni 12 na kowane abinci, misali.

1. Narkar da abinci a cikin ramin oropharyngeal

A cikin baki, haƙoran suna niƙa kuma suna murƙushe abincin da aka ci a ƙananan ƙananan abubuwa kuma kek ɗin abincin da aka kafa ana jika shi da miyau. Bugu da kari, akwai sakin enzyme mai narkewa, amylase na salivary ko ptialin, wanda ke farawa narkewar sitaci wanda ke samar da carbohydrates. Narkar da sitaci a baki ta hanyar aikin amylase kadan ne kuma ana hana aikinsa a cikin ciki saboda kasancewar abubuwa masu guba.

Bolusoshin yana wucewa ta cikin pharynx, ƙarƙashin iko na son rai, kuma esophagus, ƙarƙashin ikon da ba da son rai ba, ya isa cikin ciki, inda yake haɗuwa da ɓoyewar ciki.

2. Narkar da ciki

A cikin ciki, ɓoyayyun bayanan da aka samar suna da wadataccen acid hydrochloric da enzymes kuma ana haɗasu da abinci. A gaban abinci a cikin ciki, pepsin, wanda shine ɗayan enzymes da ke cikin ciki, ana ɓoye shi ta yadda yake aiki (pepsinogen) kuma an canza shi zuwa pepsin ta hanyar aikin hydrochloric acid. Wannan enzyme yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin tsarin narkewar sunadarai, canza sura da girmanta. Baya ga samar da pepsin, akwai kuma samarwa, zuwa wani kankanin, na lipase, wanda shine enzyme da ke da alhakin lalacewar farko na ruwan leda.

Abubuwan ciki na ciki suna da mahimmanci don haɓaka wadatar hanji da shan bitamin B12, alli, ƙarfe da tutiya.

Bayan sarrafa abinci ta cikin ciki, ana fitar da magaruba da ƙananan cikin ƙananan hanji gwargwadon yadda ciki ya shaƙu. Game da abinci mai ruwa, ɓacin ciki yana ɗaukar kusan awa 1 zuwa 2, yayin cin abinci mai ƙarfi yana ɗaukar awanni 2 zuwa 3 kuma ya bambanta gwargwadon ƙimar da halaye na abincin da aka sha.

3. Narkarda cikin karamin hanji

Intananan hanji shine babban ɓangaren narkewa da shayarwar abinci da na gina jiki kuma ya kasu kashi uku: duodenum, jejunum da ileum. A bangaren farko na karamin hanji, narkewar abinci da kuma shan yawancin abincin da ake ci yana faruwa ne sakamakon zaburar da enzyme da karamin hanji, pancreas da gallbladder suka yi.

Bile yana ɓoyewa ta hanta da gallbladder kuma yana sauƙaƙa narkewa da sha da lipids, cholesterol da bitamin mai narkewa. Pancreas shine ke da alhakin ɓoye enzymes waɗanda ke iya narkar da dukkan manyan abinci. Enzymes da karamin hanji ke samarwa yana rage carbohydrates na ƙananan nauyin kwayar halitta da peptides na matsakaici da kuma girma, ban da triglycerides da aka kaskantar da su cikin mai mai ƙyau da kuma monoglycerols.

Yawancin aikin narkewa an kammala su a cikin duodenum da ɓangaren sama na jejunum, kuma sha yawancin yawancin abinci ya kusan kammala ta lokacin da kayan suka kai tsakiyar jejunum. Shigar da abinci mai narkewar abinci yana motsa fitowar yawancin homoni kuma, sakamakon haka, na enzymes da ruwan da ke tsoma baki tare da motsawar ciki da ƙoshin abinci.

Duk cikin karamin hanji kusan duk macronutrients, bitamin, ma'adanai, abubuwan alamomi da ruwa suna sha kafin isa cikin hanji. Coan hanji da dubura suna shan mafi yawan ragowar ruwa daga ƙananan hanji. Coan hanjin na shanye wutar lantarki da ƙaramin sauran abubuwan gina jiki.

Ragowar zaruruwa, tauraruwar da ba ta dace ba, sukari da amino acid suna daɗaɗɗa ta iyakar goga ta hanta, wanda ke haifar da gajerun sarkar mai da gas. Gajerun sarkar mai suna taimakawa wajen kiyaye aikin mucosal na yau da kullun, sakin karamin kuzari daga wasu sinadarin carbohydrates da amino acid, da saukaka shan gishiri da ruwa.

Abubuwan cikin hanji suna ɗaukar awanni 3 zuwa 8 don isa ga bawul ileocecal, wanda ke iyakance adadin kayan cikin hancin da yake wucewa daga ƙaramar hanji zuwa hanji kuma yana hana dawowa.

Abin da zai iya tsoma baki tare da narkewa

Akwai abubuwa da yawa da zasu iya hana narkewar abinci daga gudana yadda ya kamata, wanda ke haifar da sakamako ga lafiyar mutum. Wasu daga cikin abubuwan da zasu iya shafar narkewar abinci sune:

• Yawan abinci da abinci, wannan saboda saboda yanayin yanayin abincin, tsarin narkewar na iya zama da sauri ko kuma a hankali, wanda hakan na iya tasiri ga jin ƙoshin abinci, misali.
• Abubuwan da suka shafi ilimin halin mutum, kamar bayyanar su, kamshin su da dandanon abincin su. Wannan ya faru ne saboda waɗannan abubuwan da suke ji suna ƙara samar da miyau da ɓoyewa daga ciki, ban da fifikon aikin tsokawar SGI, wanda hakan ke haifar da narkewar abinci da kuma nutsuwa. Game da mummunan motsin rai, kamar tsoro da baƙin ciki, alal misali, abin da ke faruwa baya baya faruwa: akwai raguwa a cikin sakin ɓoyayyen ɓoye na ciki da kuma raguwar jijiyoyin cikin jijiyoyi;
• Microbiota mai narkewa, wanda zai iya sha wahala tsangwama saboda amfani da magunguna kamar su maganin rigakafi, haifar da juriya na ƙwayoyin cuta, ko kuma ga yanayin da ke haifar da raguwar samar da sinadarin hydrochloric ta ciki, wanda zai iya haifar da ciwon ciki.
• Gudanar da abinci, Tunda yadda ake cin abinci na iya tsoma baki cikin saurin narkewar abinci. Abincin da aka dafa an saba narkewa da sauri fiye da waɗanda ake ci ɗanye, misali.

Idan ka lura da wasu alamu da suka danganci tsarin kayan ciki, kamar yawan gas, zafi zuciya, jin kumburin ciki, maƙarƙashiya ko gudawa, alal misali, yana da mahimmanci ka je wurin likitan ciki don yin gwaje-gwajen don gano dalilin bayyanar cututtuka da fara mafi kyawun magani.