Amsar rigakafi

Amsar rigakafi ita ce yadda jikinku ya gane kuma ya kare kansa daga ƙwayoyin cuta, ƙwayoyin cuta, da abubuwan da suka bayyana baƙi da cutarwa.

Tsarin rigakafi yana kare jiki daga yiwuwar abubuwa masu haɗari ta hanyar ganewa da amsa antigens. Antigens abubuwa ne (yawanci sunadarai) akan saman ƙwayoyin cuta, ƙwayoyin cuta, fungi, ko ƙwayoyin cuta. Abubuwa marasa rai kamar su gubobi, sunadarai, magunguna, da ƙananan ƙasashen waje (kamar mai tsagewa) suma na iya zama antigens. Tsarin garkuwar jiki yana ganewa da lalata, ko ƙoƙari ya lalata, abubuwan da ke ƙunshe da antigens.

Kwayoyin jikinku suna da sunadaran antigens. Wadannan sun hada da kungiyar antigens da ake kira HLA antigens. Tsarin ku na rigakafi yana koyon ganin wadannan antigens kamar na al'ada kuma yawanci baya yin tasiri akansu.

BAYANIN AL'AMARI

Baƙon abu, ko kuma rashin bayyananne, rigakafi shine tsarin tsaro wanda aka haife ku dashi. Yana kare ka daga dukkan antigens. Tsarin rigakafi na yau da kullun ya haɗa da shinge waɗanda ke hana abubuwa masu cutarwa shiga jikinku. Wadannan shingayen sune layin farko na kariya a matakan kariya. Misalan rigakafi na asali sun haɗa da:

• Tari na tari
• Enzymes a cikin hawaye da mai na fata
• Mucus, wanda ke kama tarko da ƙananan ƙwayoyi
• Fata
• Ciki acid

Har ila yau, rigakafi na asali yana zuwa ne a cikin sunadaran sunadarai, wanda ake kira rigakafin ɓoye na cikin gida. Misalan sun hada da tsarin hada kayan jiki da kuma abubuwan da ake kira interferon da interleukin-1 (wanda ke haifar da zazzabi).

Idan antigen ya wuce wadannan shingayen, wasu sassan garkuwar jiki ne zasu afka masa tare da lalata shi.

SAMUN AL'AMARI

Rigakafin da aka samu shine rigakafin da ke tasowa tare da ɗaukar hotuna zuwa antigens daban-daban. Tsarin ku na rigakafi yana gina kariya daga wannan takamaiman antigen.

WUTA TA GASKIYA

Rigakafin wucewa ya kasance saboda ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ake samarwa a cikin wani jikin da ba na ku ba. Jarirai suna da rigakafin wuce gona da iri saboda an haife su tare da kwayoyi waɗanda ake ɗauka ta hanyar mahaifa daga mahaifiyarsu. Wadannan cututtukan sun bace tsakanin shekaru 6 zuwa 12.

Hakanan rigakafin wucewa na iya zama saboda allurar antiserum, wanda ya ƙunshi ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda wani mutum ko dabba suka kafa. Yana bada kariya ta gaggawa akan antigen, amma baya bada kariya ta dogon lokaci. Rigakafin magani na globulin (wanda aka bayar domin kamuwa da cutar hanta) da tetanus antitoxin sune misalai na rigakafin cutar.

ABUBUWAN JINI

Tsarin rigakafi ya haɗa da wasu nau'ikan ƙwayoyin farin jini. Hakanan ya haɗa da sunadarai da sunadarai a cikin jini, kamar ƙwayoyin cuta, ƙarin sunadarai, da kuma interferon. Wasu daga cikin wadannan kai tsaye suke kai hari ga baƙon abubuwa a jiki, wasu kuma suna aiki tare don taimakawa ƙwayoyin garkuwar jiki.

Lymphocytes wani nau'in ƙwayar farin jini ne.Akwai nau'in lymphocytes na B da T.

• B lymphocytes sun zama ƙwayoyin da ke samar da ƙwayoyin cuta. Antibodies haɗe da takamaiman antigen kuma yana sauƙaƙa ga ƙwayoyin rigakafi su lalata antigen.
• T lymphocytes suna kai hari ga antigens kai tsaye kuma suna taimakawa sarrafa tasirin rigakafi. Hakanan suna sakin sinadarai, wanda aka sani da cytokines, wanda ke sarrafa ilahirin martani.

Yayinda lymphocytes ke bunkasa, koyaushe suna koyon faɗin bambanci tsakanin kayan jikinku da abubuwan da ba a saba samun su a jikin ku ba. Da zarar an samar da ƙwayoyin B da ƙwayoyin T, kaɗan daga waɗannan ƙwayoyin za su ninka kuma su ba da “ƙwaƙwalwa” don garkuwar jikinku. Wannan yana bawa garkuwar jikinka damar amsawa cikin sauri da inganci a lokaci na gaba idan aka tona maka maganin antigen iri daya. A lokuta da yawa, zai hana ka yin rashin lafiya. Misali, mutumin da ya kamu da cutar kaza ko aka yiwa rigakafin cutar kaza ba zai iya sake kamuwa da cutar ba.

CUTUTTUKA

Amsar kumburi (kumburi) yana faruwa ne lokacin da ƙwayoyin cuta suka ji rauni ta hanyar ƙwayoyin cuta, rauni, gubobi, zafi, ko kuma wani dalili. Kwayoyin da suka lalace sun saki sunadarai da suka hada da histamine, bradykinin, da prostaglandins. Wadannan sunadarai suna sanya jijiyoyin jini su zuba ruwa a cikin kyallen takarda, su haifar da kumburi. Wannan yana taimakawa ware kayan ƙetare daga ƙarin alaƙa da kayan jikin.

Hakanan sunadarai sun jawo hankalin kwayoyin jinin fari da ake kira phagocytes wadanda suke "cin" kwayoyin cuta da matattun ko kwayoyin da suka lalace. Wannan tsari ana kiransa phagocytosis. Phagocytes ƙarshe mutu. Pus an ƙirƙira shi ne daga tarin ƙwayoyin da suka mutu, ƙwayoyin cuta da suka mutu, da abubuwan da suka mutu da suka mutu.

CUTAR DUNIYA DA KYAUTA

Rikicin tsarin rigakafi yana faruwa yayin da aka ba da amsar rigakafi game da jikin jiki, ya yi yawa, ko aka rasa. Allergy ya haɗa da amsawar rigakafi ga wani abu wanda yawancin jikin mutane yake ganin ba shi da illa.

GUDUN CIKI

Alurar riga kafi (rigakafi) hanya ce don haifar da amsawar rigakafi. Doananan ƙwayoyin antigen, kamar matattu ko raunana ƙwayoyin cuta, ana ba su don kunna tsarin garkuwar jiki "ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya" (ƙwayoyin B da aka kunna da ƙwayoyin T da aka wayar da su). Memwa Memwalwar ajiya yana bawa jikinka damar amsawa cikin sauri da inganci ga fallasawar gaba.

RIKITAWA SABODA SAURAN RADDIN NAN

Ingantaccen maganin rigakafi yana kariya daga cututtuka da cuta da yawa. Rashin amsar rigakafi yana ba da damar cututtuka su ci gaba. Yayi yawa, yayi kadan, ko kuma amsar rigakafi mara kyau yana haifar da rikice-rikicen tsarin garkuwar jiki. Rashin amsawa na rigakafi na iya haifar da ci gaban cututtukan autoimmune, wanda ƙwayoyin cuta ke samarwa akan ƙwayoyin jikin mutum.

Rarraba daga sauye-sauyen martani sun hada da:

• Allergy ko raunin hankali
• Anaphylaxis, rashin lafiyar mai barazanar rai
• Rashin lafiyar Autoimmune
• Gwaji akan cutar mai karbar bakunci, rikitarwa na dashen kashin kashi
• Rashin lafiyar rashin ƙarfi
• Ciwon cuta
• Amincewa dashi

Tsarin rigakafi na asali; Kariyar jikin mutum; Rigakafin salula; Rigakafi; Amsar kumburi; Samu (rigakafi) rigakafi

• Mura da mura - abin da za a tambayi likitanka - baligi
• Sanyi da mura - abin da za a tambayi likitanka - yaro
• Lokacin da jaririn ku ko jaririn ku zazzabi

• Tsarin rigakafi
• Phagocytosis

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Bankova L, Barrett N. Tsarin rigakafi. A cikin: Burks AW, Holgate ST, O'Hehir RE, et al, eds. Middleton ta Allergy: Ka'idoji da Ayyuka. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020: babi na 1.

Firestein GS, Stanford SM. Hanyoyin kumburi da gyaran nama. A cikin: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Magungunan Goldman-Cecil. 26th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020: babi na 42.

Tuano KS, Chinen J. Tsarin rigakafi. A cikin: Burks AW, Holgate ST, O'Hehir RE, et al, eds. Middleton ta Allergy: Ka'idoji da Ayyuka. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020: babi na 2.