Autism bakan cuta
Autism bakan cuta (ASD) cuta ce ta ci gaba. Sau da yawa yakan bayyana a farkon shekaru 3 na rayuwa. ASD yana shafar ikon ƙwaƙwalwa don haɓaka ƙwarewar zamantakewar jama'a da sadarwa.
Ba a san ainihin dalilin ASD ba. Wataƙila yawancin lamura suna haifar da ASD. Bincike ya nuna cewa ƙwayoyin halitta na iya kasancewa, tunda ASD yana gudana a cikin wasu iyalai. Wasu magunguna da aka sha yayin daukar ciki na iya haifar da ASD a cikin yaron.
Sauran dalilan an yi zargin, amma ba a tabbatar ba. Wasu masana kimiyya sunyi imanin cewa lalacewar wani ɓangare na kwakwalwa, wanda ake kira amygdala, na iya kasancewa. Wasu kuma suna duba ko kwayar cuta na iya haifar da alamomi.
Wasu iyayen sun ji cewa maganin alurar riga kafi na iya haifar da ASD. Amma karatu bai sami wata alaƙa tsakanin alluran rigakafi da ASD ba. Duk ƙwararrun likitoci da ƙungiyoyin gwamnati sun faɗi cewa babu wata hanyar haɗi tsakanin alluran rigakafi da ASD.
Aruwa da yara tare da ASD na iya zama saboda kyakkyawan ganewar asali da sababbin ma'anonin ASD. Rashin yanayin bambance-bambance yanzu ya haɗa da ɓarkewar rikice-rikice waɗanda a da ake ɗauka azaman rarrabu ne daban:
- Rashin lafiyar Autistic
- Ciwon Asperger
- Rashin lalata yara
- Rashin ci gaban ci gaba
Yawancin iyayen yara ASD suna zargin cewa wani abu yayi daidai lokacin da yaron ya kai watanni 18. Yaran da ke tare da ASD galibi suna da matsaloli tare da:
- Yi kamar wasa
- Hulɗa da jama'a
- Sadarwar magana da baki
Wasu yara suna ganin kamar al'ada ce kafin su cika shekara 1 ko 2. Daga nan kwatsam sai su rasa yare ko ƙwarewar zamantakewar da suke da ita.
Kwayar cutar na iya bambanta daga matsakaici zuwa mai tsanani.
Mai cutar autism na iya:
- Kasance mai saurin ji a gani, ji, taɓawa, ƙamshi, ko ɗanɗano (misali, sun ƙi saka tufafi "masu ƙaiƙayi" kuma suna jin haushi idan an tilasta musu sanya tufafin)
- Yi fushi sosai lokacin da aka canza ayyukan yau da kullun
- Maimaita motsa jiki akai-akai
- Kasance a haɗe da abubuwa koyaushe
Matsalar sadarwa na iya haɗawa da:
- Ba za a iya farawa ko kula da tattaunawa ba
- Yana amfani da motsin rai maimakon kalmomi
- Ya haɓaka harshe a hankali ko a'a
- Baya daidaita kallo don kallon abubuwan da wasu suke kallo
- Baya nufin kai yadda yake daidai (misali, yana cewa "kuna son ruwa" lokacin da yaron yake nufin "Ina son ruwa")
- Baya nuna nunawa wasu mutane abubuwa ba (wanda ya saba faruwa a farkon watanni 14 na rayuwa)
- Maimaita kalmomi ko mahimman kalmomin haddace, kamar kasuwanci
Hulɗar jama'a:
- Baya abota
- Baya yin wasannin motsa jiki
- An janye
- Ba za a iya ba da amsa ga tuntuɓar ido ko murmushi ba, ko ƙila a guji haɗa ido
- Treatila a ɗauki wasu kamar abubuwa
- Ya fi son kasancewa shi kadai maimakon zama tare da wasu
- Baya iya nuna jin kai
Amsawa ga bayanan azanci:
- Ba ya firgita a manyan surutu
- Yana da ƙarancin gani ko ji, taɓawa, ƙanshi, ko ɗanɗano
- Zan iya samun sautin na yau da kullun mai raɗaɗi kuma ya riƙe hannayensu akan kunnuwansu
- Zai iya janyewa daga hulɗa ta jiki saboda yana da motsawa ko ɗaukar nauyi
- Rubs saman, bakin ko lasa abubuwa
- Zan iya samun martani mai ƙanƙani ko ragu sosai ga ciwo
Kunna:
- Baya kwaikwayon ayyukan wasu
- Ya fi son wasan kaɗaici ko na al'ada
- Yana nuna ƙaramar riya ko wasan kwaikwayo na kirki
Halaye:
- Ayyuka tare da tsananin haushi
- Yayi makale kan abu guda ɗaya ko aiki
- Yana da ɗan gajeren hankali
- Yana da matukar kunci bukatun
- Mai wuce gona da iri ne
- Mai zafin rai ne ga wasu ko son kai
- Ya nuna ƙaƙƙarfan buƙata don abubuwa iri ɗaya
- Maimaita motsin jiki
Duk yara yakamata suyi jarabawar yau da kullun ta likitan yara.Ana iya buƙatar ƙarin gwaje-gwaje idan mai kula da lafiya ko iyaye suna damuwa. Wannan gaskiya ne idan yaro bai sadu da ɗayan waɗannan mahimman matakan harshe ba:
- Babbling da watanni 12
- Nunawa (nunawa, waving bye-bye) da watanni 12
- Faɗi kalmomi guda ɗaya har zuwa watanni 16
- Faɗi kalmomi biyu na kalmomin kwatsam ta watanni 24 (ba wai amsa kuwwa kawai ba)
- Rashin kowane yare ko ƙwarewar zamantakewa a kowane zamani
Waɗannan yara na iya buƙatar gwajin ji, gwajin gubar jini, da gwajin nunawa don ASD.
Mai ba da gogewa a cikin bincikowa da magance ASD ya kamata ganin yaron don yin ainihin ganewar asali. Saboda babu gwajin jini don ASD, ganewar asali galibi yana dogara ne da jagororin daga littafin likita mai taken Diagnostic da Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V).
Ofimar ASD sau da yawa ya haɗa da cikakken tsarin gwaji na jiki da na juyayi (neurologic). Ana iya yin gwaje-gwaje don ganin ko akwai matsala game da kwayoyin halitta ko kuma kumburin jiki. Metabolism shine tsarin jiki da na jiki.
ASD ya haɗa da nau'ikan alamun bayyanar. Don haka, ɗayan, taƙaitaccen kimantawa ba zai iya faɗi ainihin ƙwarewar yaro ba. Zai fi kyau samun ƙungiyar kwararru don kimanta yaron. Suna iya kimantawa:
- Sadarwa
- Harshe
- Motsa jiki
- Jawabi
- Nasara a makaranta
- Tunanin iyawa
Wasu iyaye ba sa son a tabbatar da ɗansu don suna tsoron a yi wa yaron suna. Amma ba tare da ganewar asali ba, ɗansu bazai sami magani da sabis da ake buƙata ba.
A wannan lokacin, ba magani ga ASD. Tsarin kulawa zai inganta yanayin yara mafi yawa. Yawancin shirye-shirye suna ginawa akan buƙatun yaro a cikin tsari mai tsari na ayyuka masu fa'ida.
Shirye-shiryen jiyya na iya haɗuwa da fasahohi, gami da:
- Aiwatar da halayyar mutum (ABA)
- Magunguna, idan an buƙata
- Maganin aiki
- Jiki na jiki
- Maganin yare-magana
NUNA HALATTA DA AIKI (ABA)
Wannan shirin na yara ne. Yana taimakawa a wasu lokuta. ABA yana amfani da koyarwa ɗaya-da-ɗaya wanda ke ƙarfafa ƙwarewa iri-iri. Manufar ita ce a sa yaron ya kusanci yin aiki daidai da shekarunsu.
Ana yin shirin ABA sau da yawa a gidan yaro. Wani masanin halayyar dan adam mai kula da shirin. Shirye-shiryen ABA na da tsada sosai kuma tsarin makarantu ba ya amfani da su sosai. Dole ne iyaye su nemi kuɗi da ma'aikata daga wasu hanyoyin, waɗanda ba a samun su a cikin al'ummomi da yawa.
KOYARWA
Wani shirin kuma ana kiransa Jiyya da Ilimin Ilimin Autistic da Maganganun Sadarwar Sadarwa (TEACCH). Yana amfani da jadawalin hoto da sauran alamun gani. Waɗannan suna taimaka wa yara suyi aiki da kansu da tsara da tsara yanayin su.
Kodayake TEACCH tana ƙoƙari don haɓaka ƙwarewar yaro da ikon daidaitawa, hakanan yana karɓar matsalolin da ke tattare da ASD. Ba kamar shirye-shiryen ABA ba, KOYARWA ba ta tsammanin yara za su sami ci gaba tare da magani.
MAGUNGUNA
Babu wani magani da ke kula da ASD kanta. Amma ana amfani da magunguna sau da yawa don magance ɗabi'a ko matsalolin motsin rai wanda mutane da ke fama da cutar ta ASD na iya samun su. Wadannan sun hada da:
- Tsanani
- Tashin hankali
- Matsalar hankali
- Matsanancin tilastawa wanda yaron ba zai iya tsayawa ba
- Rashin hankali
- Motsa jiki
- Rashin fushi
- Yanayin motsi
- Fushi
- Matsalar bacci
- Tantrums
Magungunan risperidone ne kawai aka yarda da shi don kula da yara masu shekaru 5 zuwa 16 don ɓacin rai da tashin hankali da zai iya faruwa tare da ASD. Sauran magunguna da ƙila za a iya amfani da su su ne masu kwantar da hankali da haɓaka.
Abincin Abinci
Wasu yara da ke fama da ASD suna da kyau su yi kyau a kan cin abinci mara-yalwar abinci ko maras alkama. Alkama tana cikin abinci mai ɗauke da alkama, hatsin rai, da sha'ir. Casein yana cikin madara, cuku, da sauran kayan kiwo. Ba duk masana bane suka yarda cewa canje-canje a cikin abinci yana kawo canji. Kuma ba duk karatun bane ya nuna kyakkyawan sakamako.
Idan kuna tunani game da waɗannan ko wasu canje-canjen abinci, yi magana da mai ba da sabis da mai rijista na abinci. Kuna so ku tabbatar da cewa yaronku har yanzu yana samun isasshen adadin kuzari da abubuwan da ke daidai.
SAURAN KUSANCI
Hattara da yadu yaduwa jiyya ga ASD da ba su da goyon bayan kimiyya, da kuma rahotanni na mu'ujizai warkar. Idan yaro yana da ASD, yi magana da wasu iyayen. Kuma ku tattauna damuwar ku tare da masanan ASD. Bi ci gaban binciken ASD, wanda ke haɓaka cikin sauri.
Kungiyoyi da yawa suna ba da ƙarin bayani da taimako akan ASD.
Tare da magani mai kyau, yawancin alamun ASD za a iya inganta su. Mafi yawan mutane masu cutar ASD suna da wasu alamomi a rayuwarsu. Amma, suna iya zama tare da iyalansu ko kuma a cikin jama’a.
ASD na iya alaƙa da wasu rikicewar ƙwaƙwalwa, kamar:
- Ciwo mai lalacewa X
- Rashin hankali
- Kwayar cuta ta tubes
Wasu mutanen da ke da autism suna kamuwa.
Damuwar ma'amala da Autism na iya haifar da matsalolin zamantakewar da na motsin rai ga iyalai da masu kulawa, da kuma mutumin da ke da autism.
Yawancin lokaci iyaye suna zargin cewa akwai matsala ta ci gaba tun kafin a gano asali. Kirawo mai ba ku sabis idan kuna tunanin cewa yaronku baya samun ci gaba koyaushe.
Autism; Rashin lafiyar Autistic; Ciwon Asperger; Matsalar lalacewar yara; Rashin ci gaban ci gaba
Bridgemohan CF. Autism bakan cuta. A cikin: Kliegman RM, St. Geme JW, Blum NJ, Shah SS, Tasker RC, Wilson KM, eds. Nelson Littafin koyar da ilimin yara. 21st ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020: babi na 54.
Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka da Rigakafin yanar gizo. Autism bakan cuta, shawarwari da jagororin. www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/hcp-recommendations.html. An sabunta Agusta 27, 2019. An shiga Mayu 8, 2020.
Nass R, Sidhu R, Ross G. Autism da sauran nakasawar ci gaba. A cikin: Daroff RB, Jankovic J, Mazziotta JC, Pomeroy SL, eds. Bradley's Neurology a cikin Clinical Practice. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2016: babi na 90.
Cibiyar yanar gizo ta Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiyar Hauka. Autism bakan cuta. www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/autism-spectrum-disorders-asd/index.shtml. An sabunta Maris 2018. Samun damar Mayu 8, 2020.