Cytogenetics: menene menene, yadda ake yin gwajin kuma menene don shi

Wadatacce

• Menene don
• Yadda ake yinta

Binciken cytogenetics da nufin nazarin chromosomes kuma, don haka, gano canje-canjen chromosomal masu alaƙa da halayen asibiti na mutum. Ana iya yin wannan gwajin a kowane zamani, koda lokacin juna biyu don bincika yuwuwar canjin halittar cikin jariri.

Cytogenetics yana ba wa likita da mai haƙuri damar yin cikakken bayani game da kwayar halittar, ta taimaka wa likitan don yin bincike da magani kai tsaye, idan ya cancanta. Wannan jarabawar baya buƙatar kowane shiri kuma tarin bazai ɗauki dogon lokaci ba, duk da haka sakamakon na iya ɗaukar tsakanin kwanaki 3 zuwa 10 don a sake shi bisa ga dakin binciken.

Menene don

Za'a iya nuna gwajin tsarin halittar mutum don bincika canjin canjin chromosomal, duka a cikin yara da kuma cikin manya. Wannan saboda yana kimanta chromosome ne, wanda tsari ne wanda ya kunshi DNA da sunadarai wadanda aka rarraba su a cikin sel masu bibbiyu, kasancewar su nau'i-nau'i 23. Daga karyogram, wanda yayi daidai da tsarin ƙungiyar chromosome bisa halayensa, wanda aka saki sakamakon jarabawar, yana yiwuwa a gano canje-canje a cikin chromosomes, kamar:

• Canje-canje na lamba, wanda ke tattare da kari ko raguwar adadin chromosomes, kamar abin da ke faruwa a Down syndrome, wanda a cikin sa ake tabbatar da kasancewar chromosomes guda 21 21, tare da mutumin da ke da chromosomes 47 gaba ɗaya;
• Canje-canjen tsarin, wanda a cikinsa akwai maye gurbinsa, musayarsa ko kuma kawar da wani yanki na chromosome, kamar cutar Cri-du-Chat, wanda ke tattare da share wani ɓangare na chromosome 5.

Don haka, ana iya tambayarta don taimakawa wajen gano wasu nau'ikan cutar kansa, musamman cutar sankarar bargo, da cututtukan gado waɗanda ke da alaƙa da sauye-sauye na tsari ko ƙaruwa ko raguwar adadin chromosomes, kamar su Down syndrome, Patau syndrome da Cri-du -Chat, wanda aka sani da cutar meow ko kururuwar cat.

Yadda ake yinta

Ana yin gwajin yawanci bisa samfurin jini. Dangane da gwajin mata masu ciki wadanda manufar su shine kimantawar 'chromosomes' dan tayi, ana tattara ruwan amniotic ko ma da ƙananan jini. Bayan tattara kayan nazarin halittu kuma aikawa zuwa dakin gwaje-gwaje, ƙwayoyin zasu zama masu al'ada don su hayayyafa sannan a kara mai hana sashin kwayar halitta, wanda ke sanya chromosome a cikin mafi ƙarancin tsari kuma mafi kyaun gani.

Dogaro da dalilin jarrabawar, za a iya amfani da dabaru daban-daban don samun bayanai game da karyotype na mutum, wanda aka fi amfani da shi:

• Haɗa G: wata dabara ce wacce akafi amfani da ita a cikin cytogenetics kuma ta qunshi aikin fenti, dutsen Giemsa, don bada damar ganin chromosomes. Wannan dabarar tana da matukar tasiri don gano adadi, akasari, da canjin tsari a cikin chromosome, kasancewar ita babbar dabarar kwayar halitta ce wacce ake amfani da ita a cikin ilimin kimiyar halittu don ganowa da tabbatar da rashin lafiyar Down syndrome, misali, wanda yake kasancewa da kasancewar karin chromosome;
• FISH dabara ita ce takamaiman takamaiman tsari kuma mai matukar mahimmanci, kasancewar an fi amfani dashi don taimakawa wajen gano cutar kansa, saboda yana ba da damar gano ƙananan canje-canje a cikin chromosomes da sake tsara su, ban da kuma gano canje-canje na lamba a cikin chromosomes. Duk da cewa yana da matukar inganci, dabarun FISH ya fi tsada, saboda yana amfani da binciken DNA wanda aka lakafta shi da haske, yana buƙatar na'urar da zata kama hasken kuma ta ba da damar ganin chromosomes. Bugu da kari, akwai karin hanyoyin da za'a iya samun su a cikin kwayoyin halittun da ke ba da damar gano kansar.

Bayan aikace-aikacen rini ko bincike mai lakabi, an tsara chromosomes gwargwadon girma, nau'i-nau'i, na biyun karshe wanda ya yi daidai da jinsin mutum, sannan a kwatanta shi da karyogram na al'ada, don haka a bincika yiwuwar canje-canje.