Maganin Ciwon Kansa: Magunguna don Kula da Ido

Wadatacce

• Immunotherapy
• Magungunan rigakafi
• T-cell far
• Magungunan Monoclonal
• Masu hana shingen shinge
• Gene far
• Gyaran kwayoyin halitta
• Virotherapy
• Hormone far
• Anoananan abubuwa
• Kasance cikin sani

Yaya kusancinmu yake?

Ciwon daji rukuni ne na cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da haɓakar ƙwayoyin cuta. Waɗannan ƙwayoyin za su iya mamaye nau'ikan kyallen takarda na jiki, wanda ke haifar da manyan matsalolin lafiya.

A cewar, cutar sankara ita ce babbar cuta ta biyu a cikin Amurka bayan cutar zuciya.

Shin akwai maganin cutar kansa? Idan haka ne, yaya kusancinmu yake? Don amsa waɗannan tambayoyin, yana da mahimmanci a fahimci bambanci tsakanin magani da gafartawa:

• Amagani yana kawar da dukkan alamun cutar kansa daga jiki kuma yana tabbatar da cewa ba zai dawo ba.
• Gafara yana nufin akwai kaɗan zuwa babu alamun cutar daji a jiki.
• Cikakken gafartawa yana nufin babu wasu alamun gano alamun cutar kansa.

Har yanzu, kwayoyin cutar kanjamau zasu iya zama a cikin jiki, koda bayan cikakken gafara. Wannan yana nufin ciwon daji na iya dawowa. Lokacin da wannan ya faru, yawanci yana cikin farkon bayan jiyya.

Wasu likitoci suna amfani da kalmar "warke" lokacin da suke magana akan cutar daji wanda baya dawowa cikin shekaru biyar. Amma har yanzu kansar na iya dawowa bayan shekaru biyar, saboda haka ba a warke da gaske ba.

A halin yanzu, babu magani na gaskiya don cutar kansa. Amma cigaban da aka samu a likitanci da kere-kere yana taimaka matso mana da kusanci da magani.

Karanta don ƙarin koyo game da waɗannan magungunan da ke fitowa da abin da za su iya nufi don makomar maganin kansa.

Immunotherapy

Magungunan rigakafin ƙwayar cuta shine nau'in magani wanda ke taimakawa tsarin rigakafi don yaƙar ƙwayoyin kansa.

Tsarin garkuwar jiki ya kunshi abubuwa da dama na jiki, sel, da kyallen takarda wadanda ke taimakawa jiki wajen yakar maharan kasashen waje, wadanda suka hada da kwayoyin cuta, ƙwayoyin cuta, da kuma ƙwayoyin cuta.

Amma kwayoyin cutar kansa ba maharan baƙi ne ba, don haka tsarin garkuwar jiki na iya buƙatar taimako don gano su. Akwai hanyoyi da yawa na samar da wannan taimako.

Magungunan rigakafi

Lokacin da kake tunanin maganin alurar riga kafi, wataƙila kana tunanin su a cikin yanayin hana cututtukan cututtuka, kamar kyanda, tetanus, da mura.

Amma wasu maganin rigakafi na iya taimakawa - ko ma magance - wasu nau'ikan cutar kansa. Misali, allurar rigakafin cututtukan papilloma virus (HPV) na kariya daga nau'ikan HPV da yawa wadanda zasu iya haifar da sankarar mahaifa.

Masu binciken sun kuma yi aiki don samar da allurar riga-kafi wacce ke taimakawa garkuwar jiki kai tsaye wajen yakar kwayoyin cutar kansa. Wadannan kwayoyin suna da kwayoyin a saman fuskokin su wadanda basa cikin kwayoyin yau da kullun. Yin alurar riga kafi mai ɗauke da waɗannan ƙwayoyin zai iya taimaka wa garkuwar jiki da kyau ta gano da kuma lalata ƙwayoyin kansa.

Akwai allurar rigakafi guda ɗaya kawai a halin yanzu aka yarda da ita don magance cutar kansa. An kira shi Sipuleucel-T. An yi amfani dashi don magance ci gaban ƙwayar cutar ta prostate wanda bai amsa wasu jiyya ba.

Wannan rigakafin ta musamman ce saboda alurar riga kafi ce ta musamman. Ana cire ƙwayoyin cuta daga jiki kuma a tura su zuwa dakin gwaje-gwaje inda aka gyara su don su iya gane ƙwayoyin cutar sankara. Daga nan sai a sake shigar da su cikin jikinku, inda suke taimaka wa garkuwar jiki ta gano da lalata kwayoyin cutar kansa.

Masu bincike a halin yanzu suna aiki kan samarwa da gwajin sabbin alluran rigakafi da kuma kariya daga wasu nau'ikan cutar kansa.

T-cell far

Kwayoyin T sune nau'in kwayar halitta ta rigakafi. Suna lalata maharan kasashen waje wadanda tsarin garkuwarka ya gano. Maganin T-cell ya haɗa da cire waɗannan ƙwayoyin kuma aika su zuwa dakin gwaje-gwaje. Kwayoyin da suke da alamun amsawa sosai akan kwayoyin cutar kansa sun rabu kuma sun girma da yawa. Wadannan kwayoyin T ana sake musu allura a jikinka.

Wani takamaiman nau'in maganin T-cell ana kiransa CAR T-cell therapy. Yayin jiyya, ana cire ƙwayoyin T kuma an gyara su don ƙara mai karɓa a farfajiyar su. Wannan yana taimaka wa kwayoyin T su kara ganewa da lalata kwayoyin cutar daji idan aka sake dawo dasu cikin jikinka.

CAR T-cell therapy a halin yanzu ana amfani dashi don magance nau'o'in ciwon daji, kamar su tsofaffin yara wadanda ba Hodgkin's lymphoma da ƙananan cututtukan lymphoblastic leukemia.

Gwajin gwaji na ci gaba don sanin yadda magungunan T-cell za su iya magance sauran nau'o'in ciwon daji.

Magungunan Monoclonal

Antibodies sunadarai ne da ƙwayoyin B ke samarwa, wani nau'in ƙwayoyin garkuwar jiki. Suna iya gane takamaiman maƙasudi, waɗanda ake kira antigens, kuma su ɗaure su. Da zarar antibody ta ɗaura ga antigen, ƙwayoyin T zasu iya nemowa da lalata antigen.

Magungunan rigakafi na Monoclonal ya ƙunshi yin adadi mai yawa na ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke gane antigens waɗanda ake samu a saman ƙwayoyin kansa. An yi musu allura a cikin jiki, inda za su iya taimakawa wajen ganowa da kuma tsayar da ƙwayoyin kansa.

Akwai nau'ikan kwayoyi masu guba da yawa wadanda aka kirkiresu don maganin cutar kansa. Wasu misalai sun haɗa da:

• Alemtuzumab. Wannan antibody din yana daure ne da wani takamaiman furotin akan kwayoyin cutar sankarar bargo, wanda yake niyyarsu ga halaka. Ana amfani dashi don magance cutar sankarar bargo ta lymphocytic.
• Ibritumomab tiuxetan. Wannan antibody din yana da kwayar radiyo a haɗe da shi, yana ba da damar isar da rediyo kai tsaye zuwa ga kwayoyin cutar kansa lokacin da antibody ta ɗaura. Ana amfani dashi don magance wasu nau'ikan lymphoma wadanda ba Hodgkin ba.
• Ado-trastuzumab emtansine. Wannan antibody din yana da magani na chemotherapy a haɗe dashi. Da zarar antibody ya haɗa, yana fitar da magani a cikin ƙwayoyin kansa. Ana amfani dashi don magance wasu nau'ikan cutar sankarar mama.
• Blinatumomab. Wannan a zahiri yana dauke da kwayoyin cuta guda biyu daban daban. Ayan yana rataye da ƙwayoyin cutar kansa, ɗayan kuma ya haɗa da ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta. Wannan yana kawo garkuwar jiki da kwayoyin cutar kansar tare, yana barin tsarin garkuwar jiki ya afkawa kwayoyin cutar kansa. An yi amfani dashi don magance cutar sankarar bargo ta lymphocytic.

Masu hana shingen shinge

Masu hana shingen shiga rigakafi suna haɓaka haɓakar garkuwar jiki game da cutar kansa. An tsara tsarin rigakafi don haɗa maharan baƙi ba tare da lalata sauran ƙwayoyin a jiki ba. Ka tuna, ƙwayoyin kansar ba sa zama baƙo ga tsarin garkuwar jiki.

Yawancin lokaci, kwayoyin bincike akan saman sel suna hana ƙwayoyin T kai musu hari. Masu hana shingen bincike suna taimaka wa ƙwayoyin T su guji waɗannan wuraren binciken, yana ba su damar faɗaɗa ƙwayoyin kansar.

Ana amfani da masu hana shingen duba marasa lafiya don magance cututtukan daji daban-daban, gami da kansar huhu da kansar fata.

Anan akwai wani kallo game da rigakafin rigakafi, wanda wani ya kwashe shekaru 20 yana koyo game da gwada hanyoyi daban-daban ya rubuta.

Gene far

Maganin kwayar halitta wani nau'i ne na magance cuta ta hanyar gyara ko canza ƙwayoyin halitta a cikin ƙwayoyin jiki. Kwayoyin halitta suna dauke da lambar da ke samar da nau'ikan sunadarai daban-daban. Hakanan, sunadarai, suna shafar yadda ƙwayoyin ke girma, nuna hali, da sadarwa tare da juna.

Dangane da cutar kansa, kwayoyin halitta sukan zama marasa lahani ko lalacewa, wanda ke haifar da wasu ƙwayoyin don girma daga iko da haifar da ƙari. Makasudin maganin kwayar cutar kansa shine magance cuta ta hanyar sauyawa ko sauya wannan bayanin kwayar halittar da ta lalace da lambar lafiya.

Masu bincike har yanzu suna nazarin mafi yawan hanyoyin kwantar da kwayar halitta a cikin lab ko gwaji na asibiti.

Gyaran kwayoyin halitta

Gyaran kwayar halitta hanya ce ta ƙarawa, cirewa, ko gyaggyara halittu. Hakanan ana kiransa gyaran kwayar halitta. Dangane da batun kula da cutar kansa, za'a gabatar da sabon kwayar halittar cikin kwayoyin cutar kansa. Wannan zai iya haifar da kwayar cutar kansa ta mutu ko hana su girma.

Bincike har yanzu yana cikin matakan farko, amma an nuna alƙawari. Ya zuwa yanzu, yawancin binciken da ake yi game da gyaran kwayar halitta ya shafi dabbobi ko ƙwayoyin da aka keɓe, maimakon ƙwayoyin mutum. Amma bincike yana ci gaba da haɓakawa.

Tsarin CRISPR misali ne na gyaran kwayar halitta wanda ke samun kulawa da yawa. Wannan tsarin yana bawa masu bincike damar dakile jerin takamaiman tsarin DNA ta amfani da enzyme da wani yanki da aka gyara na nucleic acid. Enzyme yana cire jerin DNA, yana bashi damar maye gurbinsa da tsari na musamman. Yana da kama da amfani da aikin "nema da maye gurbin" a cikin shirin sarrafa kalma.

An sake nazarin yarjejeniya ta farko ta gwaji don amfani da CRISPR. A cikin gwajin gwaji mai zuwa, masu binciken suna ba da shawara don amfani da fasahar CRISPR don canza ƙwayoyin T a cikin mutanen da ke da myeloma, melanoma, ko sarcoma.

Haɗu da wasu masu binciken waɗanda ke aiki don tabbatar da gyaran kwayar halitta ya zama gaskiya.

Virotherapy

Yawancin nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta suna lalata kwayar halittar su a zaman wani ɓangare na tsarin rayuwarsu. Wannan yana sa ƙwayoyin cuta su zama kyakkyawar magani mai kyau don cutar kansa. Virotherapy shine amfani da ƙwayoyin cuta don zaɓin kashe ƙwayoyin kansa.

Ana kiran ƙwayoyin cututtukan da ake amfani da su a cikin kwayar cutar kanjamau. An canza su ne ta hanyar dabi'ar halitta don kawai suyi niyya kuma su sake kwazo a cikin kwayoyin cutar kansa.

Masana sunyi imanin cewa lokacin da kwayar cutar oncolytic ta kashe kwayar cutar kansa, ana sakin antigens masu alaka da kansa. Antibodies zai iya ɗaura ga waɗannan antigens kuma ya haifar da amsawar tsarin rigakafi.

Yayinda masu bincike ke duban amfani da ƙwayoyin cuta da dama don wannan nau'in magani, ɗayan ne kawai aka yarda dashi ya zuwa yanzu. An kira shi T-VEC (talimogene laherparepvec). Yana da kwayar cutar herpes da aka gyara. Ana amfani dashi don magance ciwon daji na melanoma wanda ba za'a iya cirewa ta hanyar tiyata ba.

Hormone far

Jiki a hankali yana samar da homonu, waɗanda suke aiki a matsayin manzanni zuwa kyallen takarda da ƙwayoyin jikinku. Suna taimakawa wajen daidaita yawancin ayyukan jiki.

Maganin Hormone ya haɗa da amfani da magani don toshe ƙirar homon. Wasu cututtukan daji suna kula da matakan takamaiman hormones. Canje-canje a cikin waɗannan matakan na iya shafar girma da rayuwar waɗannan ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta. Ragewa ko toshe yawan adadin homonin da ake buƙata na iya rage haɓakar ire-iren waɗannan cututtukan.

Wani lokacin ana amfani da maganin Hormone don magance kansar nono, kansar prostate, da kansar mahaifa.

Anoananan abubuwa

Nanoparticles ƙananan ƙananan tsari ne. Sun yi ƙanƙan da ƙwayoyin halitta. Girman su yana basu damar motsawa cikin jiki da mu'amala da ƙwayoyin halitta da ƙwayoyin halitta.

Abubuwan Nanoparticles kayan aiki ne masu raɗaɗi don maganin kansar, musamman a matsayin hanyar isar da ƙwayoyi zuwa shafin ƙari. Wannan na iya taimakawa wajen sa maganin kansa ya zama mai tasiri yayin rage tasirin.

Duk da yake irin wannan maganin nanoparticle far har yanzu ya fi yawa a matakin ci gaba, an ba da izinin tsarin isar da kayan nanoparticle don maganin nau'ikan cutar kansa. Sauran cututtukan daji da ke amfani da fasahar nanoparticle a halin yanzu suna cikin gwaji na asibiti.

Kasance cikin sani

Duniyar maganin kansar tana ci gaba da canzawa koyaushe. Kasance tare da waɗannan albarkatun koyaushe:

• . Cibiyar Cancer ta Kasa (NCI) tana kula da wannan rukunin yanar gizon. Ana sabunta shi akai-akai tare da labarai game da sabon binciken kansa da hanyoyin kwantar da hankali.
• . Wannan tarin bayanan bincike ne game da gwajin gwaji na NCI.
• Cibiyar Nazarin Ciwon Kansa blog. Wannan shafi ne na Cibiyar Nazarin Ciwon daji. Ana sabunta shi akai-akai tare da labarai game da sababbin nasarorin bincike.
• Canungiyar Ciwon Cutar Amurka. Canungiyar Ciwon Cutar Cancer ta Amurka tana ba da bayanai na yau da kullun kan jagororin bincikar cutar kansa, wadatar magunguna, da sabunta bincike.
• ClinicalTrials.gov. Don gwaje-gwajen gwaji na yau da kullun a duk faɗin duniya, bincika rumbun adana ɗakunan karatu na Magungunan (asar Amirka na keɓaɓɓu da karatun kuɗaɗen jama'a.