Mafi Barkewar Barkewar Tarihin Amurka

Wadatacce

• 1633-1634: poaramar cuta daga mazaunan Turai
• 1793: Raunin zazzaɓi daga Caribbean
• 1832-1866: Kwalara a cikin raƙuman ruwa uku
• 1858: Zazzabin jauhari kuma ya shigo raƙuman ruwa
• 1906-1907: "Maryama Typhoid"
• 1918: H1N1 mura
• 1921-1925: Annobar annobar Diphtheria
• 1916-1955: Yawan cutar shan inna
• 1957: H2N2 mura
• 1981-1991: Cutar kyanda ta biyu ta ɓarke
• 1993: Ruwan da aka gurɓata a cikin Milwaukee
• 2009: H1N1 mura
• 2010, 2014: Ciwon tari
• 1980s don gabatarwa: HIV da AIDS
• 2020: COVID-19
• Kasance a sabunta
• Ilimi
• Kare kanka da iyalanka

Wata annoba ta Cibiyoyin Kula da Rigakafin Cututtuka (CDC) azaman karuwar kwatsam na yawan cututtukan cututtuka a cikin al'umma ko yanki yayin wani takamaiman lokaci.

Sparuwa cikin adadin masu kamuwa da cuta iri ɗaya a wani yanki fiye da abin da jami'an kiwon lafiya ke tsammanin gani shine ɓarkewa. Ana iya amfani da sharuɗɗan ta hanyar musaya, kodayake ana ɗauka yaduwar cuta mafi yaɗuwa.

A cikin shekarun da suka gabata, yawancin ɓarkewar cututtukan cututtuka sun faru kuma sun bazu ko'ina cikin Amurka.

1633-1634: poaramar cuta daga mazaunan Turai

Kanananje ya zo Arewacin Amurka a cikin 1600s. Kwayar cutar sun hada da zazzabi mai zafi, sanyi, tsananin ciwon baya, da kuma kumburi. Ya fara ne a arewa maso gabas kuma ya lalata thean Asalin Amurkawa yayin da yake yaduwa zuwa yamma.

A cikin 1721, an bayar da rahoton cutar fiye da 6,000 daga cikin mutanen Boston 11,000. Kimanin mutane 850 suka mutu daga cutar.

A shekarar 1770, Edward Jenner ya kirkiro maganin rigakafin cutar sankarau. Yana taimakawa jiki ya zama yana da rigakafin ƙaramin cuta ba tare da haifar da cutar ba.

Yanzu: Bayan babban shirin riga-kafi a cikin 1972, cutar shan inna ta tafi daga Amurka. A zahiri, allurar rigakafin bata zama dole ba.

1793: Raunin zazzaɓi daga Caribbean

A wani lokacin bazara mai zafi, 'yan gudun hijirar da suka tsere daga annoba ta zazzabi mai zafi a Tsibirin Caribbean sun shiga Philadelphia, suna ɗauke da kwayar cutar tare da su.

Zazzaɓin rawaya yana haifar da raunin fata, zazzabi, da amai na jini. A lokacin barkewar ta 1793, an kiyasta cewa kashi 10 na yawan mutanen garin sun mutu kuma wasu da yawa sun gudu daga garin don gujewa hakan.

An kirkiro rigakafi sannan aka ba da lasisi a 1953. Allurar guda ɗaya ta isa rayuwa. An fi bada shawarar galibi ga waɗancan watanni 9 zuwa sama, musamman idan kana zaune ko tafiya zuwa wuraren da ke da haɗari.

Kuna iya samun jerin ƙasashe inda aka ba da shawarar allurar rigakafin don tafiya akan Cibiyar Kula da Rigakafin Cututtuka (CDC) ta yanar gizo.

Yanzu: Sauro salo ne kan yadda wannan cuta ke yaduwa, musamman a yankuna kamar Amurka ta tsakiya, Kudancin Amurka, da Afirka. Kawar da sauro yayi nasarar shawo kan cutar zazzabin shawara.

Duk da yake cutar zazzabi ba ta da magani, wanda ya warke daga rashin lafiyar ya zama ba shi da kariya har ƙarshen rayuwarsa.

1832-1866: Kwalara a cikin raƙuman ruwa uku

(Asar Amirka na da mummunan raƙuman ruwa guda uku na kwalara, kamuwa da hanji, tsakanin 1832 da 1866. Annobar ta fara ne a Indiya kuma cikin sauri ta bazu cikin duniya ta hanyoyin kasuwanci.

Birnin New York shine birni na farko na Amurka wanda ya fara jin tasirin. Tsakanin yawan mutanen ya mutu a manyan biranen.

Ba a san abin da ya kawo karshen cutar ba, amma mai yiwuwa canjin yanayi ne ko kuma amfani da matakan keɓewa. A farkon 1900s, barkewar cuta ta ƙare.

Gaggawa magani na da mahimmanci saboda kwalara na iya yin sanadiyar mutuwa. Jiyya ya hada da maganin rigakafi, karin zinc, da kuma rehydration.

Yanzu: Kwalara har yanzu tana haifar da kusan shekara ɗaya a duniya, a cewar CDC. Batun shara na zamani da kuma kula da ruwa sun taimaka wajen kawar da cutar kwalara a wasu kasashe, amma har yanzu kwayar na nan a wasu wuraren.

Kuna iya samun rigakafin cutar kwalara idan kuna shirin tafiya zuwa wuraren da ke da haɗarin gaske. Hanya mafi kyau ta hana kamuwa da cutar kwalara ita ce, ka rika wanke hannayenka koyaushe da sabulu da kuma nisantar shan gurbataccen ruwa.

1858: Zazzabin jauhari kuma ya shigo raƙuman ruwa

Zazzabin zazzabin cuta ne na kwayan cuta wanda ke iya faruwa bayan makogwaro. Kamar kwalara, annobar zazzaɓi mai yaduwa ta zo da raƙuman ruwa.

Zazzabin jauhari mafi yawanci. Ba safai ake samun yara ba a cikin shekaru 3. Manya waɗanda ke cikin haɗuwa da yara marasa lafiya suna da haɗarin haɗari.

Tsoffin karatuttukan suna jayayya cewa jan zazzabi ya ki saboda ingantaccen abinci mai gina jiki, amma bincike ya nuna cewa ci gaba a lafiyar jama'a ne mafi kusantar dalilin.

Yanzu: Babu wata allurar rigakafin hana rigakafin cutar makogwaro ko zazzaɓin zazzaɓi. Yana da mahimmanci ga waɗanda ke da alamun cutar hanji don neman magani da sauri. Likitan ku yawanci zai magance jan zazzabi tare da maganin rigakafi.

1906-1907: "Maryama Typhoid"

Daya daga cikin manyan cututtukan zazzabin taifod kowane lokaci ya barke tsakanin 1906 da 1907 a New York.

Mary Mallon, wacce ake yawan kira da suna "Typhoid Mary," ta yada kwayar cutar zuwa kusan 122 mazauna New York a lokacin da take girki a rukunin gidaje da kuma a asibiti.

Game da 'yan New York da suka kamu da kwayar cutar ta Mary Mallon sun mutu. CDC duka ya mutu 13,160 a 1906 da 12,670 sun mutu a 1907.

Gwajin likitoci ya nuna cewa Mallon ya kasance lafiyayyen jigilar zazzabin taifod. Zazzabin taifod na iya haifar da cuta da kuma jan digo a kirji da ciki.

An kirkiro rigakafi a cikin 1911, kuma an sami maganin rigakafi na zazzaɓin taifot a 1948.

Yanzu: Yau zazzabin taifod ba safai ba. Amma yana iya yaduwa ta hanyar mu'amala kai tsaye da mutanen da ke dauke da kwayar, da kuma amfani da gurbataccen abinci ko ruwa.

1918: H1N1 mura

H1N1 shine nau'in mura wanda har yanzu yake kewaya duniya kowace shekara.

A cikin 1918, shi ne nau'in mura a bayan cutar mura, wani lokacin ana kiransa mura ta Spain (duk da cewa ba ainihin daga Spain ta zo ba).

Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya, al'amuran mura a hankali sun ƙi. Babu daya daga cikin shawarwarin da aka bayar a lokacin (sanya masks, shan mai kwal) ba magani mai tasiri ba. Magungunan yau sun haɗa da hutawa na gado, ruwaye, da magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta.

Yanzu: Kwayar cutar mura na canzawa kowace shekara, wanda ke sa allurar rigakafin shekarar da ta gabata ba ta da wani tasiri. Yana da mahimmanci don yin allurar rigakafinka ta kowace shekara don rage haɗarin kamuwa da mura.

1921-1925: Annobar annobar Diphtheria

Ciwon ciki ya kai kololuwa a shekarar 1921, tare da. Yana haifar da kumburin ƙwayoyin mucous, gami da maƙogwaronka, wanda zai iya toshe numfashi da haɗiyewa.

Wani lokaci guba na kwayan cuta na iya shiga cikin jini ya haifar da zuciya mai kisa da cutar jijiyoyi.

A tsakiyar 1920s, masu bincike sun ba da lasisi na rigakafin cutar kwayar cuta. Yawan kamuwa da cuta ya fadi warwas a Amurka.

Yanzu: Yau fiye da yara a Amurka suna yin rigakafi, a cewar CDC. Wadanda suka kamu da cutar ana yi musu maganin rigakafi.

1916-1955: Yawan cutar shan inna

Polio cuta ce ta kwayar cuta da ke shafar tsarin jijiyoyi, wanda ke haifar da inna. Yana yaduwa ta hanyar ma'amala kai tsaye da mutanen da suke da cutar.

Barkewar ya faru ne a kai a kai a kasar Amurka har zuwa shekarun 1950, inda aka samu bullar cutar shan inna har sau biyu a shekarar 1916 da kuma a shekarar 1952. Daga cikin mutane 57,628 da aka ruwaito a shekarar 1952, akwai mutane 3,145 da suka mutu.

A cikin 1955, an yarda da maganin alurar rigakafin Dr. Jonas Salk. An karɓa da sauri a ko'ina cikin duniya. Zuwa 1962, matsakaicin adadin masu kamuwa da cutar ya ragu zuwa 910. Rahotannin sun ce Amurka ba ta da cutar shan inna tun shekara ta 1979.

Yanzu: Yin allurar rigakafi yana da mahimmanci sosai kafin tafiya. Babu maganin cutar shan inna. Jiyya ya haɗa da haɓaka matakan ta'aziyya da hana rikitarwa.

1957: H2N2 mura

Wata babbar barkewar mura ta sake faruwa a shekarar 1957. Kwayar cutar H2N2, wacce ta samo asali daga tsuntsaye, an fara bayar da rahotonta a kasar Singapore a watan Fabrairun 1957, sannan a Hong Kong a watan Afrilun 1957.

Ya bayyana a cikin biranen bakin teku na Amurka a lokacin bazara na 1957.

Adadin mutanen da aka kashe sun kai miliyan 1.1 a duniya kuma.

Wannan cutar ana ɗaukarsa mai taushi ne saboda an kama ta da wuri. Masana kimiyya sun sami damar kirkirar allurar rigakafi bisa ga ilimin daga ƙirƙirar allurar rigakafin mura ta farko a cikin 1942.

Yanzu: H2N2 baya sake zagayawa cikin mutane, amma har yanzu yana cutar da tsuntsaye da aladu. Yana yiwuwa kwayar cutar ta sake yin tsalle daga dabbobi zuwa mutane a nan gaba.

1981-1991: Cutar kyanda ta biyu ta ɓarke

Cutar kyanda cuta ce da ke haifar da zazzaɓi, hanci da hanci, tari, jajayen idanu, da ciwon makogwaro, sannan daga baya wani kumburi da ke yaɗuwa a cikin jiki duka.

Cuta ce mai saurin yaduwa ta iska. kamuwa da kyanda kafin rigakafin. A kashi na biyu na karni na 20, yawancin lokuta saboda rashin isassun allurar riga-kafi ne.

Doctors sun fara ba da shawarar rigakafi na biyu ga kowa. Tun daga wannan lokacin, kowace shekara yawanci tana da, kodayake wannan ya zarce na 2019.

Yanzu: (Asar Amirka ta yi fama da ƙananan cututtukan cutar kyanda a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. CDC ta bayyana cewa matafiya marasa alluran da suka ziyarci kasashen waje na iya kamuwa da cutar. Lokacin da suka dawo gida Amurka, suna ba da shi ga wasu waɗanda ba a yi musu allurar rigakafi ba.

Tabbatar samun allurar rigakafin da likitanku ya ba da shawarar.

1993: Ruwan da aka gurɓata a cikin Milwaukee

Ofaya daga cikin tsirrai biyu na maganin ruwa Milwaukee ya gurɓata da cryptosporidium, parasite wanda ke haifar da kamuwa da cutar ta cryptosporidiosis. Alamun cutar sun hada da rashin ruwa a jiki, zazzabi, ciwon ciki, da gudawa.

Wani binciken farko ya nuna mutane 403,000 sun kamu da rashin lafiya kuma mutane 69 sun mutu, a cewar Hukumar Kula da Ingancin Ruwa & Kiwon Lafiya, wanda hakan ya zama barkewar ambaliyar ruwa mafi girma a tarihin Amurka.

Yawancin mutane sun murmure da kansu. Daga cikin mutanen da suka mutu, yawancinsu sun lalata tsarin garkuwar jiki.

Yanzu: Cryptosporidiosis har yanzu yana da damuwa kowace shekara. CDC ta bayar da rahoton cewa shari'oi tsakanin shekarar 2009 zuwa 2017. Yawan shari'oi da barkewar cutar sun bambanta a kowace shekara.

Cryptosporidium yana yaɗuwa ta cikin ƙasa, abinci, ruwa, ko saduwa da gurɓataccen najasa. Yana daya daga cikin sanadin cututtukan da ke faruwa ta hanyar amfani da ruwa na nishaɗin rani kuma ana iya yada shi cikin sauƙi daga dabbobin gona ko a wuraren kulawa da yara.

Tabbatar da aiki da tsafta na mutum, kamar wankan hannu, lokacin zango, ko bayan taba dabbobi. Ki dena yin iyo idan kana da gudawa.

2009: H1N1 mura

A bazarar shekarar 2009, an gano kwayar ta H1N1 a cikin Amurka kuma ta yadu cikin sauri a duk fadin kasar da ma duniya. Wannan barkewar ya sanya kanun labarai kamar mura.

Cewa akwai mutane miliyan 60.8 da suka kamu da cutar, Asibitoci 274,304, da kuma mutuwar 12,469 a Amurka.

A duk duniya, an kiyasta kashi 80 cikin ɗari na wannan ɓarkewar mutuwar ta faru ne a cikin mutane ƙasa da 65.

A ƙarshen Disamba 2009, allurar rigakafin H1N1 ta kasance ga duk wanda yake so. Matakan ayyukan ƙwayoyin cuta sun fara raguwa.

Yanzu: Halin na H1N1 har yanzu yana zagayawa lokaci-lokaci, amma yana haifar da raunin mutuwa da asibiti. Kwayar cutar mura na canzawa kowace shekara, wanda ke sa allurar rigakafin shekarar da ta gabata ba ta da wani tasiri. Yana da mahimmanci don yin allurar rigakafinka ta kowace shekara don rage haɗarin kamuwa da mura.

2010, 2014: Ciwon tari

Pertussis, wanda aka sani da tari mai tsauri, yana da saurin yaduwa kuma ɗayan cututtukan da ke faruwa a Amurka. Wadannan hare-haren tari na iya daukar tsawon watanni.

Yaran da basu cika yin rigakafi ba suna da haɗari mafi girma ga al'amuran da ke barazanar rayuwa. A lokacin barkewar farko,.

Ciwon tari mai saurin tashi kowane shekara 3 zuwa 5. CDC cewa karuwa a cikin yawan lokuta zai iya zama "sabon al'ada."

Yanzu: Faruwar cutar ya yi ƙasa da yadda yake. CDC duk mutane suna buƙatar alurar riga kafi, amma mata masu juna biyu suna samun rigakafin yayin watanni uku don inganta kariya lokacin haihuwa.

An kuma bada shawarar cewa dukkan yara, da duk wanda ba a yi masa riga-kafi ba a baya, ya sami allurar.

1980s don gabatarwa: HIV da AIDS

Farkon rubuce rubuce a cikin 1981, annobar da aka sani yau kamar HIV ta zama kamuwa da cutar huhu wacce ba safai ake samun sa ba. Yanzu mun sani cewa kwayar cutar HIV tana lalata garkuwar jiki kuma tana rikitar da ikonta na yaƙar cututtuka.

Cutar kanjamau ita ce matakin ƙarshe na HIV kuma, a cewar CDC, a cikin 2018 shine sanadin mutuwa a cikin Amurka tsakanin mutane 25 zuwa 34 shekaru. Kawai saboda mutum ya kamu da HIV baya nufin zasu kamu da cutar kanjamau.

Ana iya daukar kwayar cutar HIV ta hanyar jima’i ko ta jini ko ruwan jiki daga mutum zuwa mutum. Ana iya daukar kwayar cutar daga uwa zuwa jaririn da ba a haifa ba idan ba a yi magani ba.

Pre-daukan hotuna prophylaxis (ko PrEP) hanya ce don yawan masu haɗari don kauce wa kamuwa da kwayar cutar HIV kafin kamuwa. Kwayar wacce ake kira da suna Truvada tana dauke da magunguna guda biyu wadanda ake hada su da wasu magunguna don magance cutar kanjamau.

Lokacin da wani ya kamu da cutar ta HIV ta hanyar jima'i ko amfani da allurar amfani da allura, wadannan magunguna na iya aiki don kiyaye kwayar cutar daga kafa kamuwa da cuta ta dindindin.

CDC ta yi imanin cewa a karo na farko a tarihin zamani, duniya na da kayan aikin da za su iya shawo kan cutar ta HIV ba tare da allurar rigakafi ko magani ba, yayin da ta aza tubalin kawo ƙarshen cutar ta HIV a ƙarshe.

Kula da cutar ya buƙaci isa ƙungiyoyin haɗari masu haɗari tare da magani da rigakafi.

Yanzu: Duk da yake babu maganin cutar kanjamau, ana iya rage yiwuwar yaduwar cutar ta hanyar matakan tsaro, kamar tabbatar da allurar rigakafin da yin jima'i da hanyoyin kariya.

Za'a iya ɗaukar matakan tsaro yayin ɗaukar ciki don hana yaduwar cutar daga uwa zuwa jariri.

Game da larura, PEP (bayan kamuwa da cutar) sabon magani ne na rigakafin cutar kanjamau wanda ke hana kwayar HIV kamuwa tsakanin sa’o’i 72.

2020: COVID-19

An fara gano kwayar ta SARS-CoV-2, wani nau'in kwayar cutar da ke haifar da cutar COVID-19, a garin Wuhan, Lardin Hubei, China a karshen shekarar 2019. Da alama tana yaduwa cikin sauki da dorewa a cikin al'umma.

An ba da rahoton ƙararraki a duk duniya, kuma har zuwa ƙarshen Mayu 2020, akwai sama da mutane miliyan 1.5 da kuma mutuwar 100,000 a Amurka.

Kasance tare damu tare da sabunta rayuwar mu game da barkewar COVID-19 na yanzu. Har ila yau, ziyarci cibiyarmu ta coronavirus don ƙarin bayani game da yadda za a shirya, shawara kan rigakafi da magani, da shawarwarin ƙwararru.

Cutar na iya zama barazanar rai, kuma tsofaffi da mutanen da ke da yanayin likita, kamar zuciya ko cututtukan huhu ko ciwon sukari, da alama suna cikin haɗari mafi girma don haɓaka matsaloli masu tsanani.

A halin yanzu babu rigakafi.

Alamun farko sun hada da:

• zazzaɓi
• tari bushewa
• karancin numfashi
• gajiya

Kasance a sabunta

Ilimi

Ilmantar da kanka game da barkewar cutar a yanzu na iya taimaka maka fahimtar irin matakan kariya da ya kamata ka dauka domin kiyaye ka da iyalanka lafiya da koshin lafiya.

Takeauki lokaci don bincika ɓarkewar annoba ta hanyar ziyartar CDC, musamman idan kuna tafiya.

Kare kanka da iyalanka

Labari mai dadi shine yawancin barkewar cutar da aka lissafa anan ba safai ba kuma, a wasu lokuta, za'a iya kiyaye su. Tabbatar cewa dangin ku sun saba da rigakafin su kafin tafiya, kuma ku sami sabbin rigakafin mura.

Hakanan matakai masu sauƙi a cikin ɗakunan girki da dabarun kiyaye abinci suna iya hana ku da danginku yin kwangila ko sauya cutuka.