Mawallafi: Roger Morrison
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Wadatacce

Alluran rigakafi abubuwa ne da aka samar a dakin gwaje-gwaje wanda babban aikin su shine horar da garkuwar jiki daga nau'o'in cututtuka daban-daban, tunda suna karfafa samar da kwayoyin cuta, wadanda sune abubuwan da jiki ke samarwa don yaki da kwayoyin cuta masu shigowa. Don haka, jiki yana inganta ƙwayoyin cuta kafin ya fara tuntuɓar ƙwayoyin cuta, ya bar shi a shirye don aiki da sauri idan hakan ta faru.

Kodayake yawancin allurar rigakafin suna buƙatar yin allura, amma akwai alluran da za a iya sha da baki, kamar yadda ake yi da OPV, wanda shi ne rigakafin cutar shan inna na baki.

Baya ga shirya jiki don amsa kamuwa da cuta, yin allurar rigakafin yana kuma rage tsananin bayyanar cututtuka da kare dukkan mutane a cikin al'umma, domin yana rage barazanar kamuwa da cututtuka. Duba kyawawan dalilai 6 na yin allurar riga-kafi da kiyaye littafin wucewa zuwa zamani.

Nau'in maganin rigakafi

Allurar rigakafi ana iya rarraba ta cikin manyan nau'ikan biyu, dangane da abubuwan da suka ƙunsa:


  • Allurar rigakafin kananan kwayoyin halitta: kwayar halittar da ke da alhakin cutar ta shiga jerin hanyoyin cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje wadanda ke rage ayyukanta. Don haka, lokacin da ake yin allurar rigakafi, ana ba da amsa na rigakafi kan wannan ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, amma babu ci gaban cutar, saboda ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta sun raunana. Misalan wadannan rigakafin sune allurar rigakafin BCG, kwayar cuta sau uku da kuma cutar kaza;
  • Alurar rigakafin inactivated ko mataccen microorganisms: suna dauke da kananan kwayoyin halitta, ko wasu gutsuttsura na waɗancan ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, waɗanda ba su da rai da motsa motsawar jiki, kamar yadda yake game da rigakafin cutar hanta da rigakafin cutar sankarau.

Daga lokacin da aka yi allurar rigakafin, garkuwar jiki ke aiki kai tsaye kan kwayoyin cuta, ko kuma gutsuttsurarsa, yana inganta samar da takamaiman kwayoyi. Idan mutum ya sadu da mai cutar a nan gaba, tsarin garkuwar jiki ya riga ya iya yaƙi da hana ci gaban cutar.


Yadda ake yin allurai

Kirkirar allurar rigakafi da samar da ita ga dukkan jama'a wani hadadden tsari ne wanda ya kunshi jerin matakai, shi ya sa kera alluran na iya daukar tsakanin watanni zuwa shekaru da yawa.

Mafi mahimmancin matakan aiwatar da allurar rigakafin sune:

Lokaci 1

An kirkiro rigakafin gwaji tare da gutsuttsura waɗanda suka mutu, ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta ko ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta ko ƙwayar cuta a cikin ƙaramin mutane, sannan ana lura da aikin jiki bayan gudanar da allurar rigakafin da ci gaban sakamako masu illa.

Wannan matakin farko yana ɗaukar kimanin shekaru 2 kuma idan akwai sakamako mai gamsarwa, alurar riga kafi zuwa matakin na 2.

Mataki na 2

Ana fara gwajin wannan rigakafin a cikin adadi mai yawa na mutane, misali mutane 1000, sannan baya ga lura da yadda jikinku yake aikatawa da kuma illolin da ke faruwa, muna ƙoƙarin bincika ko allurai daban-daban suna da inganci don gano kashi mai isa, wanda ba shi da illa mai illa, amma wanda ke iya kare dukkan mutane, ko'ina cikin duniya.


Lokaci na 3:

Idan aka yi la'akari da cewa wannan rigakafin ya yi nasara har zuwa kashi na 2, sai ya koma mataki na uku, wanda ya ƙunshi aiwatar da wannan alurar ga mutane da yawa, misali 5000, da kuma lura ko suna da kariya da gaske ko a'a.

Koyaya, koda tare da alurar riga kafi a matakin ƙarshe na gwaji, yana da mahimmanci mutum ya ɗauki matakan kiyayewa iri ɗaya game da kariya daga ƙazanta ta hanyar mawuyacin cutar da ke da alhakin cutar. Don haka, idan rigakafin gwajin yana kan cutar kanjamau, misali, yana da mahimmanci mutum ya ci gaba da amfani da kwaroron roba kuma ya guji raba allurai.

Jadawalin rigakafin ƙasa

Akwai alluran rigakafin da ke cikin shirin allurar rigakafin kasa, wadanda ake gudanarwa kyauta, da sauransu da za a iya yi ta hanyar ba da shawarar likita ko kuma idan mutum ya yi tafiya zuwa wuraren da ke da barazanar kamuwa da wata cuta mai yaduwa.

Allurar rigakafin da ke cikin shirin allurar rigakafi na kasa da za a iya gudanarwa kyauta sun hada da:

1. Yara kanana har zuwa watanni 9

A cikin jarirai har zuwa watanni 9, manyan alurar riga kafi a cikin shirin rigakafin sune:

A haihuwaWatanni 2Watanni 3Watanni huɗuWata 5Wata 6Watanni 9

BCG

Tarin fuka

Guda guda
Ciwon hanta na B1st kashi

Pentavalent (DTPa)

Dihtheria, tetanus, tari, ciwan hanta B da sankarau Haemophilus mura b

1st kashiKashi na biyuNa 3 kashi

VIP / VOP

Polio

Kashi na 1 (tare da VIP)

Kashi na biyu (tare da VIP)

Kashi na 3 (tare da VIP)

Pneumococcal 10V

Cututtuka masu yaɗuwa da ƙananan otitis wanda ya haifar da Streptococcus ciwon huhu

1st kashiKashi na biyu

Rotavirus

Ciwon ciki

1st kashiKashi na biyu

Meningococcal na C

Cutar sankarau, ciki har da sankarau

1st kashiKashi na biyu
Zazzabin zazzaɓi1st kashi

2. Yara 'yan shekara 1 zuwa 9

A cikin yara tsakanin shekara 1 zuwa 9, manyan alurar rigakafin da aka nuna a cikin shirin rigakafin sune:

Watanni 1215 watanniShekaru 4 - shekaru 5shekara tara

Kwayar cuta sau uku (DTPa)

Ciwon ciki, tarin fuka da tari na tari

Rearfafa 1st (tare da DTP)Rearfafawa na 2 (tare da VOP)

VIP / VOP

Polio

Rearfafa 1st (tare da VOP)Rearfafa na 2 (tare da VOP)

Pneumococcal 10V

Cututtuka masu yaɗuwa da ƙananan otitis wanda ya haifar da Streptococcus ciwon huhu

Inarfafawa

Meningococcal na C

Cutar sankarau, ciki har da sankarau

Inarfafawa1st karfafawa

Sau uku hoto ko bidiyo mai zagaya yanar gizo da sauri

Kyanda, mumps, rubella

1st kashi
Ciwan kajiKashi na biyu
Ciwon hanta AGuda guda

Kwayar cutar tetra


Kyanda, Zazzaɓi, Rubella da Chicken Pox

Guda guda

HPV

Kwayar cutar papilloma ta mutum

2 allurai ('yan mata daga 9 zuwa 14 shekara)
Zazzabin zazzaɓiInarfafawa1 kashi (ga mutanen da ba alurar riga kafi ba)


3. Manya da yara daga shekara 10

A cikin samari, manya, tsofaffi da mata masu juna biyu, yawanci ana nuna allurar rigakafi lokacin da ba a bin shirin allurar rigakafi a lokacin ƙuruciya. Don haka, manyan alurar rigakafin da aka nuna a wannan lokacin sune:

10 zuwa 19 shekaruManyaTsofaffi (> shekaru 60)Mai ciki

Ciwon hanta na B

Ya nuna lokacin da babu alurar riga kafi tsakanin watanni 0 da 6

Sau 33 allurai (ya dogara da yanayin alurar riga kafi)Sau 3Sau 3

Meningococcal ACWY

Neisseria meningitidis

1 kashi (11 zuwa 12 shekaru)
Zazzabin zazzaɓi1 kashi (ga mutanen da ba alurar riga kafi ba)1 bauta

Sau uku hoto ko bidiyo mai zagaya yanar gizo da sauri

Kyanda, mumps, rubella

Ya nuna lokacin da babu alurar riga kafi har sai watanni 15

2 Doses (har zuwa shekaru 29)2 allurai (har zuwa shekaru 29) ko kashi 1 (tsakanin 30 da 59 shekaru)

Mai girma biyu

Ciwon ciki da cutar tarin fuka

3 AdadiInarfafawa kowace shekara 10Inarfafawa kowace shekara 102 Ayyuka

HPV

Kwayar cutar papilloma ta mutum

2 Ayyuka

babba dTpa

Ciwon ciki, tarin fuka da tari na tari

1 kashiSau ɗaya a kowane ciki

Duba bidiyo mai zuwa ka fahimci dalilin da ya sa alurar riga kafi take da mahimmanci:

Tambayoyi gama gari game da allurar rigakafi

1. Shin kariya daga allurar rigakafin ta kare tsawon rayuwa?

A wasu lokuta, ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar rigakafi tana da tsawon rai, amma, a wasu, ya zama dole don ƙarfafa allurar, kamar cutar meningococcal, diphtheria ko tetanus, misali.

Hakanan yana da mahimmanci a san cewa allurar na daukar lokaci kafin ta fara aiki, don haka idan mutum ya kamu da cutar jim kadan bayan shan shi, maganin ba zai yi tasiri ba kuma mutum na iya kamuwa da cutar.

2. Shin ana iya amfani da alluran rigakafin ciki?

E. Kamar yadda suke kungiya mai hadari, mata masu ciki yakamata su dauki wasu alluran, kamar su allurar rigakafin mura, hepatitis B, diphtheria, tetanus da kuma tari, wadanda ake amfani dasu don kare mai ciki da kuma jaririn. Gudanar da sauran maganin rigakafin yakamata a kimanta su gwargwadon hali kuma likita ya tsara su. Duba wacce rigakafi ake nunawa yayin daukar ciki.

3. Shin rigakafin yana sa mutane suma?

A'a Gabaɗaya, mutanen da suka wuce bayan sun sami allurar rigakafi saboda gaskiyar suna tsoron allurar, saboda suna jin zafi da firgici.

4. Shin matan da ke shayarwa za su iya samun rigakafin?

Haka ne.Za a iya ba da allurar rigakafi ga mata masu shayarwa, domin hana uwa daukar kwayar cutar kwayar cuta ko kwayar cuta ga jariri, duk da haka yana da mahimmanci mace ta sami jagorancin likita. Alluran rigakafin da aka hana wa matan da ke shayarwa su ne zazzabi mai zafi da dengue.

5. Shin zaku iya samun allurar rigakafi fiye da ɗaya a lokaci guda?

Haka ne .. Yin allurar rigakafi fiye da daya a lokaci guda baya cutar da lafiyar ka.

6. Menene haɗin allurar rigakafi?

Haɗin maganin rigakafi sune waɗanda ke kare mutum daga cuta fiye da ɗaya kuma a cikin su allurar guda ɗaya kawai ta zama dole, kamar yadda yake game da sau uku na kwayar cuta, tetraviral ko kwayar cutar penta, misali.

Yaba

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